Buletin Veteriner Udayana is peer review journal, published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University as a medium of information and the development of veterinary science. Published six times throughout the year every February, April, June, August, October and December. This journal discusses the scientific works containing the results of research in the field of veterinary sciences. The scope of journal is wide and multidisciplinary that publishes original research papers, review articles, as well as conceptual, technical and methodological papers on all aspects includes research findings, experimental design, analysis and recent application in veterinary sciences. BVU had been accredited rank SINTA 4 by SINTA DIKTI INDEXED IN COPERNICUS
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana
Cover and Table of Content of BVU Vol. 17 No. 6 December 2025
Copyright (c) 2026 Buletin Veteriner Udayana
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE AND ITS EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION IN CATTLE : A LITERATURE REVIEW
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a emerging infectious disease in cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) from the Capripoxvirus genus. The LSD is a severe infectious disease that has significant clinical and economic impacts on the cattle industry worldwide, and has spread to most Asian countries, especially Southeast Asia. Clinical symptoms include fever, skin nodules (with diameter ranging 0.5–5 cm, emaciation, enlarged lymph nodes, and in some fatal cases, death. The disease is spread by various vectors, such as ticks, mosquitoes, and certain flies. This literature review aimed to summarize scientific knowledge about LSD and its impact on livestock reproduction and production performance. The method used is a systematic literature review of academic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate). The LSD causes significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, skin damage, and weight loss. Reproductive impacts include estrus failure or disorders, repeat breeding, abortion, endometritis, and infertility in bulls. The LSDV virus can persist in the testes, and viral DNA has been found in semen, potentially spreading the disease through artificial insemination. In conclusion, LSD has significant economic impacts due to reduced reproductive and production performance in cattle, threatening the sustainability of livestock business. Enhancements in disease management are needed via improved vaccination strategies and regulated vector control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Buletin Veteriner Udayana
PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN DAIRY COWS IN KRUCIL SUBDISTRICT, PROBOLINGGO REGENCY
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Brucella genus. Probolinggo Regency in East Java Province is recognized as one of the regions with a large population of dairy cattle, particularly in Krucil Subdistrict, which holds the highest number of dairy cows in the regency. This study aimed to assess the health status of dairy cattle related to Brucellosis infection in Krucil Subdistrict, Probolinggo Regency. The research employed a random sampling approach involving 35 Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows originating from three villages: Tambelang, Bermi, and Krucil. Serological testing was carried out at the BBVet Wates Laboratory using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) method to identify antibodies against Brucella abortus. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of brucellosis in Krucil District was 0%. The findings indicated that all collected samples (100%) tested seronegative for Brucellosis, demonstrating that the area under study remains free from this disease. Ongoing preventive programs, including vaccination, disease monitoring, and the implementation of strict biosecurity, are recommended to preserve the Brucellosis-free status.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ANALYSIS IN THE CATTLE SLAUGHTERING PROCESS AT THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE IN DENPASAR CITY
The cattle slaughtering process at the Slaughterhouse (RPH) involves various occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards that require effective management. This study aims to identify potential OHS hazards and assess their risk levels at each stage of the cattle slaughtering process at the Denpasar City RPH. The research method used an observational approach with the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) technique to analyze physical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. The results show that several work stages have a high-risk level (score ≥10), particularly during the slaughtering stage (physical risk score 10, biological score 12, ergonomic score 12) and the use of the restraining pen (physical risk score 16). Dominant hazards include exposure to zoonotic bacteria, injuries from sharp tools and animals, and musculoskeletal disorders due to non-ergonomic working postures. Psychosocial factors such as work stress also contributed significantly, with risk scores reaching 12 in several stages. Based on these findings, this study recommends implementing comprehensive mitigation measures, including: (1) improved use of standardized personal protective equipment (PPE), (2) regular OHS training on animal handling and tool use, (3) redesign of work facilities to be more ergonomic, (4) implementation of an ISO 45001-based OHS management system, and (5) a mental health program for workers. These recommendations are expected to reduce work accident rates and increase productivity at the Denpasar City RPH, while also serving as a reference for developing OHS policies in the livestock sector.
DERMATOLOGICAL ZOONOSES IN PET HEDGEHOGS: A ONE HEALTH-BASED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is an exotic animal that has become increasingly popular as a pet in Indonesia. Despite its unusual appearance and being rarely handled directly, this animal poses a risk of transmitting zoonotic dermal diseases to humans. Transmission often occurs unnoticed and is frequently overlooked by both pet owners and the general public. This study aims to examine the risk of zoonotic skin diseases transmitted by mini hedgehogs and emphasize the importance of a One Health approach in their control. This review was conducted using a systematic literature review method on scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. A total of 25 relevant literatures were selected based on topic relevance, scientific quality, and accessibility. The review findings indicate that several pathogens such as Trichophyton erinacei, Sarcoptes scabiei, Cryptosporidium spp., and Enterocytozoon bieneusi have been found in mini hedgehogs and can potentially cause diseases in humans. Transmission may occur through direct contact, contaminated cage equipment, or the environment. The public’s limited understanding of exotic animals increases the risk of zoonotic transmission. In conclusion, mini hedgehogs are a potential source of zoonotic diseases that is often underestimated. A One Health approach is crucial to prevent and control the spread. Continuous public education and active involvement of veterinarians are necessary to detect and prevent zoonotic diseases originating from exotic pets.
CYSTOLITHIASIS IN A STERILE DOMESTIC MALE CAT
Urolithiasis is a condition where uroliths or crystals form excessively in the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Specifically, the presence of uroliths in the urinary bladder is called cystolithiasis. Risk factors for urolithiasis can include several aspects, namely urinary tract infections, feed, lack of drinking water intake, gender, race, age, and obesity factors. The case cat named Kiko with a domestic short hair breed, 3 years old, male with black and white hair and weighing 6 kg has had difficulty urinating since February 26, 2025. The results of the physical examination showed that the cat had dysuria, stranguria and hematuria. Ultrasonography examination found crystals in the urinary bladder and thickening of the mucosal wall of the urinary bladder. The results of the native and sedimentation examinations showed struvite crystals in the patient's urine. The results of the urine chemistry examination showed an increase in leukocytes and blood in the urine and a urine pH of 8.5. Treatment was carried out by installing a urinary catheter to flush the urinary bladder. Drug therapy given was by administering the antibiotic cefadroxil, the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone, and probiotics. To prevent the risk of this disease recurring, dietary changes were made by providing prescribe urinary feed.
THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L. EXTRACT ON ANTIBODY TITERS IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE-VACCINATED BROILERS
Newcastle Disease (ND) remains a major threat to the poultry industry, and while vaccination is essential, the immune response can be inconsistent. This study evaluated the potential of Phyllanthus niruri L. (meniran) extract as an immunomodulator to enhance the humoral immune response in broilers post-ND vaccination. A total of 30 one-day-old broilers, vaccinated against ND, were divided into three treatment groups: P0 (control, no extract), P1 (extract at 5 mg/kg BW/day via drinking water from day 3 to 17), and P2 (extract from day 3 to 24). Antibody titers were measured using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and analysed with ANOVA using SPSS software. The results demonstrated that meniran extract significantly increased antibody titters compared to the control (P<0.05). Group P2, which received the extract until day 24, achieved the highest mean titter (6.1 log2 HI units), followed by P1 (4.4 log2) and the control P0 (4.0 log2). Data analysis confirmed a positive relationship between the duration of extract administration and antibody levels. In conclusion, Phyllanthus niruri L. extract is an effective immunomodulator that significantly enhances the ND vaccine-induced antibody response in broilers, with a longer administration period yielding a more robust effect.
SUSPECTED PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME WITH SECONDARY STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP. INFECTION IN PIGS: A CASE STUDY
The pig farming industry in Indonesia plays an important role in the economy and food security. However, infections caused by the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and secondary infections by bacteria such as Staphylococcus sp. often threaten the health of pigs and farm productivity. This study aims to analyze PRRSV infections and secondary infections by Staphylococcus sp. in pigs through clinical, histopathological, and bacteriological approaches. The research method uses a qualitative approach, focusing on data collection in the form of signalments, anamnesis, epidemiological data, clinical signs, and laboratory examination of a sample taken from a pig farm in Gianyar, which was subsequently analyzed descriptively. The observed clinical findings in the case animal included diarrhea, malnutrition with BCS-1, stunted growth (dwarfism), anorexia, lethargy, dyspnea, paddling before death, and lesions at several body sites. Histopathological examination revealed hemorrhagic et necrotizing meningoencephalitis, tracheitis, myocarditis et edematous, hemorrhagic et necrotizing bronchopneumonia, hemorrhagic hepatitis, lymphoid depletion, hemorrhagic et necrotizing glomerulonephritis with glomerular atrophy, gastritis, enteritis with mucosal erosion, typhlitis and necrosis, and hemorrhagic colitis with mucosal erosion. Bacteriological examination identified Staphylococcus sp. pathogenic bacterium. Based on clinical analysis, anatomical pathology, histopathology, and bacteriology, the pig in question is suspected to be infected with the PRRSV with a secondary infection by Staphylococcus sp. pathogen. Animal health management practices, especially PRRSV vaccination and proper herd management, are critical to reduce the risk of secondary infections by bacteria like Staphylococcus sp. Further research, particularly molecular Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing, is required to confirm the diagnosis.
CLINICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIN LESIONS IN PERSIAN CATS WITH SUSPECTED DERMATOPHYTIC PSEUDOMYCETOMA
Deep dermal mycosis (DDM) is an infection caused by various groups of fungi that affects the cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues and is rarely reported in Indonesia. Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma is one form of DDM, with a known predisposition in Persian cats, characterized clinically by nodular swelling that may ulcerate and form draining sinuses. This study aimed to describe the clinical and cytological characteristics of DDM in Persian cats. The research was a descriptive study involving three Persian cats aged 3–5 years, which exhibited subcutaneous nodular and ulcerative skin lesions on the dorsal region and tail. Clinical examinations were performed by physical observation, and cytological evaluation was performed on smears from ulcerated nodules. The physical examination revealed multiple skin lesions; subcutaneous nodules were present in one cat, and ulcerative lesions were present in two cats. Cytological evaluation demonstrated a pyogranulomatous inflammatory response, including macrophages, neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells, along with the presence of fungal hyphae indicative of infection. In conclusion, for Persian cats with subcutaneous nodules and ulcers, the combination of clinical and cytological findings provides an effective preliminary method for detecting dermatophytic pseudomycetoma.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AURAL HEMATOMA IN A GERIATRIC CAT: A CASE REPORT
Aural hematoma is a common auricular condition in small animals, particularly cats and dogs, often associated with trauma or otitis externa. Geriatric cases present added clinical complexity challenges due to concurrent systemic conditions and anesthetic risks. A 13-year-old sterilized male domestic cat with gray hair color, named Ali, was brought by its owner to the veterinary clinic (Urban Animal Pet Care Clinic, Bandung, Indonesia) with right auricular swelling and erythema and left auricular abscess rupture. Clinical evaluation revealed an aural hematoma of the right pinna and a ruptured abscess on the left. Hematological and biochemical analysis indicated leukocytosis, elevated BUN and creatinine, and hyperglobulinemia, suggesting chronic inflammation and mild renal impairment. Management included surgical correction of the aural hematoma using the button suture technique and debridement with drainage of the contralateral auricular abscess. Anesthetic dosing was adjusted considering the patient’s geriatric status; the standard Zoletil dose of 0.1 mg/kg BW IM was reduced to 0.05 mg/kg BW IM to minimize cardiovascular depression and other potential anesthetic complications. Perioperative fluid therapy was also carefully tailored to the patient’s systemic condition. Sutures and bandaging were removed on postoperative day 10 with satisfactory healing and no recurrence. Postoperative management carried out with ciprofloxacin as antimicrobial agent, dipyrone as analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and Channa striata extract aided recovery. The button suture technique represents an effective and minimally deforming surgical approach for aural hematoma in geriatric cats, especially when combined with tailored anesthetic management and postoperative management. This case emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment strategies in elderly feline patients with concurrent systemic conditions. It is important to install a collar from the beginning of the therapy process for the patient. This aims to help accelerate the healing process.
QUALITY OF LANDRACE PIG SEMEN DILUTED WITH COCONUT WATER, EGG YOLK AND PURPLE SWEET POTATO ETHANOL EXTRACT
The success of artificial insemination in livestock depends on the quality and quantity of semen used in order to maintain a quality of semen itself. Hence, an effort to minimize the declining of spermatozoa quality during preservation is made by diluting semen using a diluent that contains nutrients in the right proportion between the diluent and semen.This study aims to determine the effect of adding an ethanol extract obtained from purple sweet potato to a coconut water egg yolk-based diluent on the quality of Landrace pig semen. This research was carried out based on an experimental laboratory study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using a selected Landrace pig semen, which was taken from a pig. The research was also conducted in order to observe variables which included motility, viability, abnormalities, intact plasma membranes, and intact acrosomal membranes. The research used four specific treatments such as: P0 (BTS® as control), P1 (coconut water), P2 (coconut water and egg yolk), and P3 (coconut water, egg yolk + purple sweet potato ethanol extract), with six replications for each treatment. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If significant differences were found (p<0.05), statistical testing was performed using Duncan's test. The results of analysis showed that the P3 treatment group had the highest values ​​(p<0.05) for motility and viability, at 47.16±0.40% and 58.83±0.40%, respectively, compared to the other treatment groups. The P3 treatment group showed the lowest value for abnormality at 6.00±0.00%, contributing to a decrease of abnormality in a sperm. Furthermore, observations of intact plasma membranes and intact acrosomal membranes also showed that the P3 treatment group had the highest percentages, at 59.33±0.51% and60.16±0.98%, compared to the other treatment groups. The results of this study indicate that the combination of three components in the P3 treatment provides optimal protection for sperm cell structure, particularly in terms of motility, viability, abnormalities, as well as integrity of intact plasma membranes and intact acrosomal membranes. The electrolyte content in coconut water, phospholipids in egg yolk, and anthocyanins from purple sweet potato extract are thought to work synergistically to stabilize cell membranes and reduce free radical damage. Therefore, the results of this study recommend the use of local natural materials as a functional alternative diluent in pig reproductive technology.
ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BIOSECURITY PRACTICES AND DISEASE PREVALENCE IN GOATS IN PALANGKA RAYA
Goats are a livestock commodity that provides animal protein, supports food security, and offers income opportunities because of their relatively short production cycle. Successful goat farming relies heavily on effective sanitation and hygiene practices, which are crucial for preventing disease transmission and maintaining optimal productivity in the herd. This study aimed to examine the relationship between farmers’ characteristics (age, education, and farming experience) and the level of biosecurity and hygiene implementation, as well as their impact on disease occurrence in goat farms in Palangka Raya City, Indonesia. The study was conducted in August 2025 and involved 10 goat farmers who were surveyed, interviewed, and observed in the field. Data were analyzed using a scoring system and chi-square test (χ²). The results indicated that age and farming experience had no significant effect (p>0.05) on biosecurity and hygiene practices. In contrast, education significantly influenced the implementation of isolation biosecurity, health management, and hygiene (p<0.05). Moreover, farms with higher biosecurity and hygiene levels showed significantly lower disease occurrence. These findings underscore the importance of education in promoting effective biosecurity and hygienic practices. Enhancing farmer knowledge through targeted training and extension programs is essential for reducing disease risks, improving livestock health, and supporting the sustainability of goat farming in Palangka Raya.
TOXOCARIASIS AND COCCIDIASIS IN DOMESTIC CAT
Toxocariasis and coccidiasis are parasitic diseases frequently found in domestic cats and can cause gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, anorexia, and decreased body condition. This report aims to describe the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of Toxocara sp. and Isospora sp. infections in a domestic cat. This case discusses Toxocara sp. and Isospora sp. infections in a domestic cat named Mail, who exhibited clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea, weakness, and changes in stool condition. Examination was conducted through history taking, clinical examination, fecal floatation and sediment tests, and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) examination. The results showed the presence of Isospora sp. oocysts, both sporulated and non-sporulated, and Toxocara sp. eggs, accompanied by anemia and leukocytosis. Therapy using Pyrantel pamoate, Praziquantel, Metronidazole, and iron supplements was given during the treatment period. After 20 days, the cat's condition improved, indicated by more solid stools and increased activity. It was concluded that rapid diagnosis and appropriate therapy can accelerate recovery. Maintaining environmental sanitation, routine deworming, and improving husbandry management are recommended to prevent reinfection.
Gusti Agung Ayu Alecia Putri Anugrahaeni
ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATION BY RHIPICEPHALUS SP. AND HETERODOXUS SPINIGER IN SHIH TZU DOGS
Dogs are one of the most beloved pets kept by humans. Its relatively easy maintenance makes dogs so popular in all circles. Dogs have the potential to be a place for ectoparasites to live because they have soft and warm hair which is a favorable environment for ectoparasites. The purpose of this article is to find out how to diagnose, manage and treat cases of ectoparasite infestation in dogs. The case animal is a female dog weighing 5 kg in which the dog has skin problems with itching with a pruritus score of 7/10, an ulcer on the neck and alopecia on several parts of the body, on microscopic examination identified and found the presence of ectoparasites Heterodoxus sp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The treatment used wormectin and diphenhydramine as causative treatment, and Chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) and dexamethasone and amoxicillin as symptomatic. Two weeks of treatment showed good results, with the pruritus score decreasing to 3/10, and the ulcer caused by scratching closed completely, and the alopesia had grown hair although short. It is recommended that dogs be quarantined during treatment to prevent transmission, accompanied by bathing the dog twice a week and maintaining the cleanliness of the cage and environment to prevent the development of infectious agents.
CO-INFECTION OF AVIAN INFLUENZA H5N1 AND COCCIDIOSIS IN A 25-DAY-OLD BROILER: A CASE REPORT
Avian Influenza (AI) is a highly pathogenic contagious disease in poultry caused by influenza A virus, particularly the H5N1 subtype. This disease significantly affects poultry health and causes considerable economic losses in poultry farming. This case report describes a 25-day-old broiler chicken from Demulih Village, Bangli, Bali, which showed symptoms of anorexia, weakness, greenish diarrhea, and rapid death. Epidemiological analysis revealed a morbidity rate of 33.3%, mortality rate of 22.7%, and case fatality rate of 68.3%. Anatomical pathology examination showed multiorgan hemorrhages, while histopathology revealed non-suppurative inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration in the brain, lungs, heart, pancreas, and intestine. Virus isolation using embryonated chicken eggs, along with hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, confirmed Avian Influenza H5N1 infection. In addition, fecal examination identified Eimeria spp. oocysts, indicating coccidiosis. These findings highlight that H5N1 infection can be aggravated by parasitic co-infections, leading to increased mortality. Preventive measures should include routine vaccination, strict biosecurity, and good husbandry management to reduce the risk of disease spread in the future.
TREATMENT OF DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM INFECTION IN A LOCAL DOG ALONG WITH SUPPORTIVE THERAPY USING LIVRON-B PLEX® AND FISH OIL
Dipylidium caninum is a tapeworm that inhabits the small intestine of dogs and cats, particularly in warm and humid regions. It has an indirect life cycle that requires fleas as intermediate hosts and vertebrates as definitive hosts. This parasite is considered zoonotic because it can be transmitted to humans through ingestion of infected fleas or dog ticks. Dogs are common companion animals that require proper care and management, both for their health and for the well-being of the humans who keep them. The case animal in this report is a female dog named Aci, 4 months old, weighing 4.2 kg, with orchid-brown hair. This study was conducted to identify D. caninum infection in this dog. Based on the anamnesis, physical examination, clinical assessment, and supporting diagnostic tests, the dog was diagnosed with D. caninum infection, with a favorable prognosis. Causal therapy was administered using a deworming medication (Caniverm®), at a dose of ½ tablet containing fenbendazole, pyrantel embonate, and praziquantel. Supportive therapy included vitamin B-complex (Livron B.plex tablets), and fish oil was provided to promote hair growth. Evaluation of the dog’s condition five days after therapy indicated significant improvement, as evidenced by fecal examination showing no presence of worms. Routine deworming is recommended every three months. Infected animals should be quarantined to prevent transmission to other pets, bathed regularly, and kept in a clean environment. Feces in the yard should be promptly removed to reduce the risk of reinfection.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC DISORDER IN A NINE-MONTH-OLD DOMESTIC CAT
A nine-month-old local cat was diagnosed with chronic diarrhea accompanied by pancreatitis. This article aims to report a case of chronic diarrhea in a local cat associated with pancreatic dysfunction. The diagnosis was established based on anamnesis, clinical examination, and laboratory findings indicating impaired pancreatic function. The prognosis for this case was considered favorable. Management included administration of the probiotic Entero Secure BD® for 30 days (1 tablet/day), a low-fat diet using a specialized gastrointestinal feed, supplementation with Vitazym Plus® for seven days (½ tablet/day), and supportive therapy in the form of acupuncture performed once weekly for four weeks. After 30 days of treatment, the patient’s clinical condition showed significant improvement, as evidenced by more solid feces and reduced abdominal pain. This case demonstrates an association between pancreatitis and chronic diarrhea, which may mutually exacerbate gastrointestinal dysfunction. The owner was advised to conduct regular health check-ups to monitor gastrointestinal status and minimize the risk of recurrence or potential complications.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STARFRUIT LEAF EXTRACT AS A NATURAL ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT IN NATIVE CHICKENS
Bacterial infections such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella pullorum remain major constraints in native chicken production, reducing productivity and increasing mortality. Excessive use of synthetic antibiotics causes bacterial resistance and residues, thus encouraging the search for safe natural alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of Averrhoa bilimbi L. (bilimbi) leaf extract against bacterial isolates from native chickens and to compare its efficacy with oxytetracycline. The leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol and tested at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% using the disk diffusion method against E. coli isolates. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Results indicated no significant difference (p>0.05) between the inhibition zones of bilimbi leaf extract and oxytetracycline at all concentrations, although descriptively the inhibition zone increased with concentration (average 0.86–1.74 mm). This suggests a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity that remains moderate compared to conventional antibiotics. Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins are presumed to contribute to bacterial growth inhibition. In conclusion, A. bilimbi leaf extract exhibits moderate antibacterial activity. It holds potential as a natural phytobiotic alternative to reduce antibiotic dependence in native chicken production, supporting sustainable and eco-friendly poultry farming. For further research, it is recommended to use: concentration >40% or thick extract from fractionation, further testing of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).
SEMI-EXTENSIVE BEEF CATTLE BREEDING MANAGEMENT IN DOMPU REGENCY, WEST NUSA TENGGARA
Beef cattle farming in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, is conducted semi-extensively for various purposes, including breeding. This study aimed to identify the beef cattle breeding management practices used by smallholder farmers in Dompu Regency. Data were collected through field observations and interviews using questionnaires administered to 133 farmers in two villages: Dorebara and Adu. The research variables included farmer characteristics, reproductive issues, preferred cattle breeds, breeding management, feeding practices, and livestock health control. The results showed that most farmers were of productive age, had completed secondary education, and operated their farms as a side business driven by economic and socio-religious motivations. The main challenges in semi-extensive beef cattle breeding were limited access to bulls, long calving intervals, and low body condition scores in cows. Farmers preferred Bali cattle and crossbred cattle, and continued to rely on natural mating because it is accessible and cost-effective. The use of legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala during pregnancy and lactation remains suboptimal, as knowledge of feed management is largely based on tradition. Livestock health programs have been supported by the government through annual vaccination campaigns, but farmers’ awareness of livestock health remains low. Beef cattle productivity in semi-extensive systems can be improved through technical assistance, extension services, and better access to superior bulls and high-quality forage.
PERCENTAGE OF ELIGIBILITY OF GOAT LIVERS FROM OLDER ANIMALS SLAUGHTERED AND DISTRIBUTED TO THE COMMUNITY DURING EID AL-ADHA 2025 THROUGH POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION IN EAST DENPASAR DISTRICT, DENPASAR CITY
Eid al-Adha is closely associated with large-scale animal slaughter, making it essential to ensure the safety of meat and organs distributed to the community. The liver is one of the vital organs shared with consumers but is prone to abnormalities, particularly in older goats. This study aimed to determine the percentage of suitability of goat livers (Capra spp.) from older sacrificial animals through post-mortem examination in East Denpasar District in 2025. A descriptive observational design with a cross-sectional approach was employed. A total of 42 goat liver samples were collected from five villages using purposive sampling combined with cluster sampling. Post-mortem examinations were performed through inspection, palpation, and incision, assessing parameters of shape, color, consistency, and odor. The results revealed that 39 samples (92.8%) were normal and deemed suitable for consumption, while 3 samples (7.2%) exhibited abnormalities such as white spots and pale discoloration, making them conditionally consumable after the removal of unfit portions. No samples were completely rejected or required special heat treatment. In conclusion, most livers of older sacrificial goats in the study area still met the Safe, Healthy, Wholesome, and Halal standards. Post-mortem inspection proved to be an essential preventive measure to safeguard food safety from sacrificial animals. It is recommended that similar inspections be consistently implemented to prevent unsuitable organs from being distributed to the public.
CASE OF MULTIPATHOGEN-INDUCED MORTALITY IN AN OPEN-HOUSE BROILER FARM IN DEMULIH VILLAGE, BANGLI
The health and performance of commercial chicken are greatly influenced by poultry house environmental management. The application of open house system with poor management may act as a predisposing factor for multipathogen colonization in poultry. This condition can lead to multiple diseases due to concurrent infections involving fungal, bacterial, and protozoal agents. This study reports a case of multipathogen-related mortality in 29-day-old broiler chicken from an open house farm in Demulih Village, Bangli Regency, Bali. Diagnostic methods include anamnesis, physical examination, epidemiological data collection, gross pathology, histopathology, bacteriology, mycology, and parasitology. Gross pathological examination revealed yellowish-white nodules in the body cavity, lungs, and kidneys; surface damage of the liver and kidneys; and hemorrhage in the cecum. Histopathology showed septate hyphae and conidiophores in the lungs as well as schizonts in the cecum, indicating fungal and protozoal infection. Mycological examination using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and subsequent macroscopic and microscopic identification confirmed the presence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Mucor spp. Bacteriological examination identified colonies of Staphylococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Klebsiella sp. Parasitological analysis of fecal samples revealed Eimeria spp. oocysts at a concentration of 34,450 oocysts/gram, classified as moderate infection. The case was diagnosed as multiple disease conditions caused by concurrent multipathogen infections of fungal, bacterial, and protozoal origin. Improvements in housing management, sanitation, feed storage, strict biosecurity, and housing system considerations are required to minimize the introduction of disease-causing pathogens.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS SUSPECTED DUE TO EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA IN DOMESTIC CATS
Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease in cats, characterized by ulcerative and/or proliferative lesions of the oral mucosa, with a reported prevalence of 10.9%–26% in certain populations. Its etiology presumably involves an abnormal cellular immune response to persistent antigens. In some cases, eosinophilic infiltration suggests involvement of the Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex (EGC). This report describes the clinical management and therapeutic response of a cat with FCGS and suspected EGC lesions. A 5-year-old male domestic cat presented with a history of painful mastication beginning in August 2024 and reccured in October 2024; intraoral examination revealed gingival ulceration and proliferation, while Diff-Quik cytology confirmed infiltration by eosinophils, hypersegmented neutrophils, and macrophages. A 7-day inpatient regimen of commercial wet food to reduce masticatory trauma, systemic glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone p.o. 1 mg/kg with tapering), and daily topical triamcinolone resulted in rapid clinical improvement—marked by reduced pain, decreased gingival inflammation, and a significant drop in inflammatory cells on repeat cytology. The combination of dietary texture modification and glucocorticoid therapy proved effective in reducing short-term inflammation in FCGS with suspected EGC, although mucosal biopsy remains recommended to confirm definitive remission and guide long-term follow-up.
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ETAWA CROSSBRED GOATS IN PALANGKA RAYA
The Etawa crossbred goat is a hybrid breed developed by crossing Etawa males with local Kacang goats to enhance the productivity of the native goat population. This dual-purpose breed is esteemed for its milk and meat production. This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics and reproductive performance of Etawa crossbred goats in Palangka Raya. A survey methodology was employed, with sampling locations selected based on the goats population density. Data collection comprised both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were acquired through direct observations and interviews with the farm owners. Respondents were selected based on the following criteria: (1) a minimum of three years of goat farming experience and (2) ownership of at least five goats that had previously given birth. The findings from five Etawa crossbred goat farms in Palangka Raya City indicated that the reproductive performance of Etawa crossbred goats was generally favorable. The age at first mating was 16.8 ± 2.68 months, with a pregnancy rate of 70–80%. On four farms, all births were 100% singletons, whereas one farm recorded 50% twin births. The average litter size was 1.16 ± 0.03. The postpartum mating interval was 3 ± 1.22 months, and the kidding interval was 7.80 ± 2.68 months. Pre-weaning mortality ranged from 5% to 6% of kids born on each farm. These findings underscore the necessity for enhanced mating management, particularly comprehensive reproductive record-keeping, to support future selection and productivity improvements in Etawa crossbred goat herds.
ADDITION OF DURIAN PEEL IN CATTLE RATIONS TO IMPROVE DRY MATTER AND ORGANIC DIGESTIBILITY
The utilization of agricultural and plantation waste serves as an alternative solution to overcome farmers’ challenges in providing ruminant feed. With the peel composition reaching 60–70% of the total fruit mass, durian generates a significant amount of waste that can be used as livestock feed. Identifying potential feed sources in terms of quality, quantity, and continuity is essential to ensure the availability of feed for beef cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the digestibility of cattle rations supplemented with durian peel. This study employed a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of a control ration (100% basal ration without durian peel), basal ration with 10% durian peel, basal ration with 15% durian peel, and basal ration with 20% durian peel. The parameters observed were dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD), which were analyzed using an in vitro method. The results indicated that the control treatment differed significantly (P<0.05) from the other treatments, and increasing levels of durian peel supplementation led to higher digestibility. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of 20% durian peel to the ration optimizes dry matter and organic matter digestibility in the rumen of cattle. Further in vivo studies are required.
IMPROVING ETAWAH CROSSBREED GOATS MILK PRODUCTION AND QUALITY WITH LIQUID SMOKE FEED BLOCKS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION
Improving the productivity and milk quality of Etawah Crossbreed (PE) goats remains a challenge due to limited use of feed supplements that effectively support lactation performance. Liquid smoke contains antibacterial and antioxidant compounds that may enhance rumen fermentation when incorporated into block feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of liquid-smoke feed blocks dietary supplementation on feed intake, milk yield, and milk quality of lactating PE goats, as assessed by specific gravity, protein, fat, and lactose. This research using a Latin Square Design, with three PE goats were used in each treatment consisting of P0 (control), P1 (1% liquid-smoke block feed), and P2 (2% liquid-smoke block feed) and the experiment lasted nine weeks.. Results showed that block feed supplementation did not affect forage intake, which remained between 2.31–2.41 kg/head/day. Milk yield increased significantly in P1 and P2 compared to P0, with the highest production observed in P1 (773.81 ml/head/day). Milk quality parameters were not significantly affected by treatments, although all values remained within normal ranges. Based on research results, can be concluded that liquid-smoke block feed effectively improves milk yield without compromising milk quality in PE goats. Further studies with longer experimental periods are recommended to observe milk quality.
PLATELET PROFILE OF BALINESE CATTLE IN DENPASAR, BALI
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are a genetic resource native to Indonesia and play a crucial role in meeting national meat demand. Understanding hematological parameters, including platelet profiles, is essential for assessing the physiological condition and health of livestock. This study aimed to determine the platelet profile in healthy Bali cattle as a basis for establishing specific hematological reference values ​​for this local cattle breed. Blood samples were taken from 20 healthy Bali cattle using EDTA tubes, then hematological analysis was performed using a Licare CC 3200Vet Veterinary Hematology Analyzer. The results showed that the mean platelet count (PQ), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet crit (PCT), platelet large cell count (P-LCC), and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) were equal or similar to the reference values. Meanwhile, the mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly higher than the reference value. These data are expected to serve as a baseline for further research and as supporting information for the development and preservation of Bali cattle as Indonesia's superior germplasm.
SURGICAL EXCISION OF TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOR FOLLOWED BY VINCRISTINE SULFATE CHEMOTHERAPY IN A MALE LOCAL DOG
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a malignant tumor that commonly occurs in dogs. It can be transmitted through mating, licking, or sniffing tumor lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the successful treatment of TVT by surgical excision followed by vincristine sulfate chemotherapy. A 7-year-old local male dog weighing 14 kg presented with a penile mass accompanied by bloody discharge. Histopathological examination revealed a population of tumor cells consisting of lymphoblast-like cells with a homogeneous polyhedral shape. The tumor cells were separated by stroma and exhibited moderate mitotic figures. Treatment consisted of surgical excision of the tumor mass followed by vincristine sulfate chemotherapy at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg administered intravenously three times at one-week intervals. Postoperatively, long-acting amoxicillin was administered as an antibiotic at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) intramuscularly every 48 hours on days 0, 2, and 4. For analgesia, meloxicam was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW subcutaneously once daily for four days. A hematopoietic stimulant (hematodin) was administered at a dose of 1 mL/5 kg BW intramuscularly once daily for five days. On day 21, the dog showed signs of healing, indicated by dried wounds, disappearance of suture marks, and normalization of penile size, suggesting complete tumor removal. The combination of surgical excision and chemotherapy proved effective in treating TVT in dogs.
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC OTITIS EXTERNA, RHINITIS, AND CONJUNCTIVITIS CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS SP., BACILLUS SP., AND CANDIDA SP. INFECTION IN A PERSIAN CAT
Chronic otitis externa is an inflammatory condition that can involve multiple pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, and may be associated with disorders of adjacent sensory systems, including the nose and eyes. This case report aims to describe the management of a case of chronic otitis externa accompanied by rhinitis and conjunctivitis in a six-year-old female Persian cat. Diagnostic methods include history taking, complete physical examination, and supporting examinations such as hematology, otoscopy, rapid testing for feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus-1, as well as bacterial and fungal isolation and identification from ear, nasal, and ocular exudates. Results revealed infection involving Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Candida sp. in the ears, and Staphylococcus sp. in the nose and eyes. Otitis therapy involved ear cleaning using Ilium Oticlean® and topical application of a combination of gentamicin, nystatin, and fluocinolone acetonide (Topigen®) administered at three drops q12h for 14 days. Rhinitis and conjunctivitis therapy included systemic antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (ClaPet 250®) at 20 mg/kg BW q12h for 7 days, and anti-inflammatory methylprednisolone at 1 mg/kg BW q24h for 3 days. A positive therapeutic response for rhinitis was observed after 7 days of treatment, whereas conjunctivitis showed slower improvement and required additional therapy with Erlamycetin Plus® ophthalmic ointment 3.5 g, applied once q12h for 5 days. Treatment of chronic otitis externa showed significant improvement after 14 days. Therefore, management of otitis externa, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis requires a multimodal approach and comprehensive diagnosis to confirm the etiology and support appropriate therapy. Special attention to environmental hygiene and care practices is essential to prevent recurrence.
CO-INFECTION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE, COCCIDIOSIS, AND COLISEPTICEMIA IN BROILER CHICKEN: CASE STUDY
Newcastle disease (ND), coccidiosis, and colisepticemia are major infectious diseases in broiler chickens that can lead to high economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality. The subject of this case study is a 28-day-old broiler chickens from one of the closed house farms in Pering Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency, Bali. This case study aims to establish a diagnosis based on medical history, epidemiological data, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology, histopathology, and laboratory test results. Clinical symptoms of the affected chickens included subcutaneous emphysema, feather loss covering nearly two-thirds of the abdominal and chest areas, feather loss, decreased appetite over the past four days, sneezing, watery diarrhea mixed with green and white mucus, blackened comb tips, and clear yellow exudate from the nasal cavity. Epidemiological survey results showed a morbidity rate of 2.6%, a mortality rate of 1.8%, and a case fatality rate (CFR) of 71%. Pathological anatomy examination results indicated that nearly all organs showed hemorrhage, with some organs exhibiting enlargement, white spots, and soft consistency. Similar findings were observed in histopathology, with nearly all organs showing inflammatory changes characterized by lymphocyte, neutrophil, macrophage infiltration, hemorrhage, necrosis, and edema. Hemagglutination (HA) testing showed a titer of 23 HAU, while hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing was confirmed the presence of ND virus. Bacterial culture result of organ samples using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) medium was positive result for Escherichia coli, and fecal examination identified Eimeria spp. Therefore, it was concluded that the infected chickens were diagnosed with Newcastle disease, coccidiosis, and colisepticemia. These multiple infections contributed to the severity of clinical signs and high case fatality, highlighting the need for effective prevention and biosecurity measures.
VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS AND MARKETING STAKEHOLDERS OF BALI CATTLE IN KUPANG REGENCY AND CITY
Bali cattle are one of the primary commodities of Timor Island, Indonesia, and they contribute substantially to the community’s income. This is demonstrated by the substantial increase in the cattle population over the past three years, as well as the heightened demand for beef both within Timor Island and beyond NTT. This study aimed to analyze the marketing value chain of Bali cattle for each stakeholder within Kupang City and District and identify the specific function of each participant in this value chain. This research methodology is descriptive, specifically employing a case study approach that encompasses interviews with all participants involved in the marketing of Bali cattle, along with stakeholder analysis derived from the interview findings. The analysis revealed six key business actors contributing to the value-added process of cattle sales: suppliers, producers, collectors, traders, processors, and retailers. Additionally, five influential entities—government agencies, financial institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), institutions of higher education, and animal insurance providers—were identified as participants in this value chain. Influencers possess distinct duties and responsibilities that collectively enhance the Bali cattle value chain within Kupang City and the District. However, government authorities at both the national and local levels are one of the principal stakeholders exerting significant influence over the value chain. Based on the outcomes of the stakeholder/business actor analysis, the most important role in enhancing beef sales value was at the processing stage (44%), followed by suppliers (19%), retailers (17%) and producers (14%). Conclusion: Six business actors within the livestock sector each fulfil distinct duties and contribute value at every stage of the Bali cattle sales value chain, influencing fluctuations in the selling prices of Bali cattle and their products in Kupang City and District. Recommendation: Future research should integrate several critical and interrelated factors within a comprehensive value chain analysis, with a specific emphasis on constructing a value chain database for the Kupang city and district.