Buletin Veteriner Udayana is peer review journal, published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University as a medium of information and the development of veterinary science. Published six times throughout the year every February, April, June, August, October and December. This journal discusses the scientific works containing the results of research in the field of veterinary sciences. The scope of journal is wide and multidisciplinary that publishes original research papers, review articles, as well as conceptual, technical and methodological papers on all aspects includes research findings, experimental design, analysis and recent application in veterinary sciences. BVU had been accredited rank SINTA 4 by SINTA DIKTI INDEXED IN COPERNICUS
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana
COMPARISON OF BALB/C MICE IMMUNE RESPONSE WHICH HAS BEEN INDUCED WITH DIFFERENT RABIES VACCINE
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that remains incurable, making vaccination the primary strategy for prevention in veterinary and human public health. Although multiple commercial rabies vaccines are widely used, comparative data on their immunogenicity are limited and often inconsistent. This study evaluated and compared the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by three commercially available rabies vaccine brands using a BALB/c mouse model. Ten 20-week-old female BALB/c mice were allocated into treatment groups and immunized accordingly. Blood samples were collected at week 0 (pre-vaccination), week 2, and week 4 post-vaccination to determine specific anti-rabies antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end of the study, spleens were harvested for histopathological examination with hematoxylin–eosin staining to assess cellular immune responses. Antibody titers were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). All three vaccines induced a significant and comparable increase in antibody titers up to two weeks post-vaccination, with no statistically significant differences among brands. By week 4, a decline in antibody levels was observed across all groups. Histopathological analysis revealed similar activation of cellular immunity among vaccines, characterized by lymphoid proliferation and plasma cell activity, without notable inter-group differences. In conclusion, the three commercial rabies vaccines demonstrated equivalent immunogenicity in inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that no single vaccine brand was superior, and that rabies vaccination strategies should prioritize operational factors such as schedule adherence, booster administration, and proper vaccination techniques rather than brand selection.
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CASE REPORT: BILATERAL OTITIS EXTERNA DUE TO PROTEUS SPP. INFECTION IN A PERSIAN CAT
External otitis is a commonly encountered ear disease in cats, characterized by inflammation of the external auditory canal and influenced by predisposing, primary, secondary, and perpetuating factors. This case report describes a six-year-old male Persian cat with a history of recurrent external otitis. The cat was presented to the Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, with primary complaints of frequent ear scratching, head shaking, and the presence of yellow, foul-smelling discharge from both ears. Physical examination revealed yellowish, watery cerumen with a strong odor. Cytological examination demonstrated abundant rod-shaped bacteria, and bacterial culture confirmed the growth of Proteus spp. A diagnosis of bilateral external otitis caused by Proteus spp. infection was established, with a favorable prognosis. The treatment consisted of topical administration of Topigen® ear drops containing gentamicin sulphate (1.6 mg/mL), nystatin (100,000 IU/mL), and fluocinolone acetonide (0.25 mg/mL), administered at a dosage of three drops twice daily for 12 days, accompanied by routine ear cleaning using an otic cleansing solution. Clinical evaluation after 12 days of treatment showed significant improvement, characterized by reduced cerumen production, resolution of malodor, and the absence of inflammatory signs on otoscopic examination. This report underscores the importance of cytological examination and bacterial culture in establishing an accurate diagnosis and demonstrates the effectiveness of combination topical antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy in the management of bacterial external otitis.
EMACIATION WITH DUAL INFECTION OF MALASSEZIOSIS AND EHRLICHIOSIS IN DOMESTIC DOG
Domestic dogs are frequently encountered in poor physical condition, one of which is emaciation that is often accompanied by fungal and parasitic infections, thus requiring comprehensive clinical management. This case report aims to describe emaciation accompanied by Malasseziosis and Ehrlichiosis in a 4-month-old domestic dog. Physical examination revealed a body condition score of 3/9, dermatological lesions including alopecia, papules, crusts, and scales, accompanied by a strong odor and greasy hair, as well as the presence of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Laboratory examinations included acetate tape preparation, which identified Malassezia spp., hematological analysis showing anemia and thrombocytopenia, and blood smear examination revealing Ehrlichia morulae within monocytes, which was further confirmed by a positive Ehrlichia canis antibody rapid test kit. Therapeutic management consisted of nutritional improvement through dietary modification, medicated bathing using a combination of Sodium Salicylate, Sulphur, Econazole Nitrate, and Chloroxylenol (Virbac Poison Sebazole®), administration of the antiparasitic Fluralaner (Bravecto® oral chewable tablet), Doxycycline antibiotic therapy, and supportive treatment with Livron B-plex. Evaluation on day 28 demonstrated significant weight gain, marked improvement in skin condition with resolution of alopecia, papules, crusts, and scales, reduction of malodor, normalization of hair texture, and improvement in blood smear and routine hematological findings. Based on clinical findings, laboratory results, and therapeutic response, the patient was diagnosed with emaciation accompanied by Malasseziosis and Ehrlichiosis and showed a favorable response to treatment, resulting in significant clinical improvement and stable condition after 28 days of monitoring. Dog owners are advised to ensure adequate nutrition, proper kennel sanitation, and environmental hygiene to prevent disease recurrence.
CASE REPORT: IMPROVEMENT IN BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) IN A CAT WITH DIARRHEA INFECTED WITH ANCYLOSTOMA SPP.
An 8-month-old domestic male cat presented with chronic bloody diarrhea, accompanied by weight loss and a below-ideal body condition score (BCS) of 3/9. Fecal examination using native, sediment, and flotation methods confirmed infection with Ancylostoma spp., whereas hematological examination revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis. Bacterial culture of the fecal sample yielded negative results. Treatment was administered with the anthelmintic drug Drontal Cat® (pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel), along with symptomatic therapy using kaolin–pectin, supportive therapy with B12, probiotics, and high-protein diet (Purina Pro Plan Kitten). Follow-up evaluation showed that by days 3 and 7, the patient no longer had diarrhea, and microscopic examination revealed no Ancylostoma spp. eggs in the stool. By week 4, the cat had gained weight to 3.2 kg and achieved an ideal BCS of 4/9. This case demonstrates that combination therapy can yield favorable outcomes and recovery, thereby improving the nutritional status and enhancing the quality of life of the cat.
USE OF CRANBERRY EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY IN A CAT WITH UROLITHIASIS AND SINISTER UNILATERAL HYDRONEPHROSIS: A CASE REPORT
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extract contains proanthocyanidins (PACs), anthocyanins, and flavonols, which act as antioxidants that protect kidney tissue through antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production. Urolithiasis is a urinary tract disorder characterized by the formation of crystals, excess sediment, uroliths, or calculi, which can block urine flow, causing back pressure on the kidneys and leading to hydronephrosis. This case report discusses the management of a 4-year-old domestic male cat that exhibited clinical symptoms of urinary tract obstruction and straining. Clinical signs of urinary tract obstruction were observed for one week. The diagnosis was made based on history, clinical signs, hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, and ultrasonography. Hematology examination results indicated lymphocytosis, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia, while blood chemistry showed hypertotal proteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, and hypokalemia. Urine chemistry analysis showed positive leukocytes, protein, pH 7.5, specific gravity 1.010, and urine microscopy revealed struvite crystals and calcium oxalate. Ultrasonography revealed hyperechoic crystal particles in the lumen of the urinary bladder and dilated left renal pelvis. This case was diagnosed as urolithiasis and unilateral left hydronephrosis. Therapy included urinary catheter placement, 0.9% physiological NaCl flushing, 250 mg cranberry extract q24h PO, and special diet for kidney problems. Evaluation showed clinical improvement marked by the absence of stranguria and oliguria, although urinary crystals and dilated left renal pelvis were still detected on ultrasound examination. The owner was advised to monitor the urinary tract through urinalysis and ultrasound periodically, implement a special diet for kidneys and adequate water intake.
PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION IN SOWS ON VARIOUS PIG BREEDING FARMS IN GIANYAR DISTRICT, BALI
Gastrointestinal nematode infections in sows can cause physiological decline in pigs, fetal development problems, and reduced milk production. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sows during the gestation, lactation, and dry phases at a pig breeding farm in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using purposive sampling. A total of 204 fecal samples from sows in the gestation, lactation, and dry phases, collected from seven sub-districts in Gianyar Regency, were used in this study. Fecal samples were examined using sedimentation and flotation concentration methods with saturated salt to identify nematode eggs. Prevalence data were described descriptively, while the chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infections in pregnant, lactating, and dry sows. The study reported a nematode prevalence of 46.56%, consisting of Strongyl-type worms (43.62%), Ascaris suum (2.94%), Strongyloides ransomi (2.45%), and Trichuris suis (0.49%). No significant differences were observed in prevalence between the phases (p>0.05). Co-infections were also observed in sows in this study. The prevalence of nematode infections in sows remains relatively high; therefore, it is recommended to improve management practices, particularly on farms with wet housing conditions and irregular deworming schedules.
OCCURRENCE OF MULTIPLE INFECTIONS IN CATTLE AT A FARM IN THE CIBIRU AREA, WEST JAVA
The health of beef cattle is a crucial aspect of livestock management. Effective health management in cattle serves to minimize potential economic losses caused by diseases that commonly affect beef cattle. These diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as blood and gastrointestinal parasites. Multiple infections may occur, particularly when suboptimal animal conditions and environmental factors support disease transmission. This case report aims to describe the occurrence of multiple infections and to identify the causative infectious agents in a beef cattle farm located in Cibiru, West Java. The case involved a 4-year-old Limousin cow that exhibited clinical signs including nasal discharge, hypersalivation, diarrhea, and tick infestation. Samples collected for diagnostic examination included nasal discharge swabs, blood, and fecal samples. Nasal swab samples were cultured on blood agar plates (BAP) and MacConkey agar (MCA), followed by primary tests including Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, and biochemical tests. Blood samples were examined using blood smear evaluation and differential leukocyte counts. Fecal samples were examined using native smear, flotation, sedimentation, and McMaster techniques. The results revealed a case of multiple infections, with the identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as a gastrointestinal parasitic infection (coccidiosis). In addition, infestation with Rhipicephalus ticks contributed to blood parasitic infections, including babesiosis and anaplasmosis. These concurrent infections were associated with a compromised immune status and reduced production performance, potentially leading to economic losses for the farmer. Therefore, preventive and control measures, including proper sanitation and biosecurity, are essential, as infected animals and contaminated environments may act as sources of disease transmission.
CASE REPORT: TREATMENT OF RIGHT EYEBALL PROLAPSE IN A DOMESTIC KITTEN USING TRANSCONJUNCTIVAL ENUCLEATION APPROACH
Prolapse of the eyeball refers to the protrusion of the globe from the orbital cavity and may be caused by various factors, including infection, increased intraocular pressure, trauma, and abnormalities of the extraocular muscles. A three-month-old female domestic cat weighing 0.9 kg presented with prolapse of the right eyeball. The cat was treated surgically using a transconjunctival enucleation approach. This procedure was selected because the ocular abnormalities could not be resolved through medical therapy. Prior to surgery, premedication with atropine sulphate (0.03 mg/kg BW) was administered subcutaneously. Fifteen minutes later, anesthesia was induced and maintained by intramuscular injection of a combination of ketamine (11 mg/kg BW) and xylazine (2 mg/kg BW). Postoperatively, the animal received antibiotic therapy with cefotaxime (20 mg/kg BW, q12h, intramuscularly) and anti-inflammatory treatment with meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg BW, q24h, subcutaneously). This was followed by oral administration of cefixime (10 mg/kg BW, q12h) and meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg BW, q24h) for five days, along with supportive therapy using Fufang E’jiao Jiang® (0.5 mL/kg BW, q24h, per oral). Based on wound observations up to the seventh postoperative day, the surgical incision had not completely dried; however, the wound healing process progressed well, and no signs of infection were observed at the surgical site.
CASE STUDY: COLISEPTICEMIA IN A 1-MONTH-OLD PIGLET IN TARO VILLAGE, GIANYAR, BALI
Pig farms play an important role in the socio-cultural life of communities, but some of them are intensively managed with poor biosecurity and health management practices, as well as traditional and unhygienic husbandry practices, thereby potentially increasing the risk of health problems in livestock. Colisepticemia is a disease caused by infection with pathogenic Escherichia coli, which primarily affects piglets from the neonatal to post-weaning period. The subject of this case study was a one-month-old Landrace piglet from a smallholder farm in Taro Village, Tegallalang District, Gianyar Regency, Bali. This study aimed to determine the cause of death of the piglets based on epidemiological data, clinical examination, anatomical pathology, histopathology, bacteriology, and parasitology. Epidemiological data showed a total herd population of 455 pigs, with morbidity of 1.76%, mortality of 1.76%, and a case fatality rate (CFR) of 100%. Clinical signs observed in the piglet included anorexia, weakness, vomiting, yellowish-white diarrhea, and inability to stand. The piglet died after showing clinical signs for 16 days. Gross pathological examination revealed congestion in the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines, as well as hemorrhage in the trachea, lungs, and intestines. Histopathological examination showed that almost all organs had congestion, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration predominantly composed of neutrophils. Bacterial isolation from the lung, heart, liver, and intestines demonstrated growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Parasitological examination using direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation methods yielded negative results for protozoan and helminth infections. Based on these findings, the piglet was diagnosed with colisepticemia.
CASE REPORT: FELINE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS WITH CONJUNCTIVITIS IN DOMESTIC CAT
Feline gingivostomatitis syndrome (FGS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the feline oral cavity that is multifactorial in nature and often accompanied by conjunctivitis as a complication. This condition can significantly reduce a cat’s quality of life. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of FGS with conjunctivitis as a complication in a domestic cat, including anamnesis, clinical examination, supporting diagnostics, treatment provided, and evaluation of the treatment response. The method used was clinical observation of a 3-year-old female cat presenting with anorexia, hypersalivation, oral mucosal inflammation, ocular discharge, and nasal discharge. Examinations included a complete physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), rapid tests for Feline calicivirus (FCV) and Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), as well as cytological examination of swabs from ocular discharge and gingiva. The results showed severe stomatitis with gingival ulceration, conjunctivitis with mucopurulent discharge, mild nasal discharge, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis. Rapid tests for FCV and FHV-1 were negative. Treatment included Amoxiclav®, Methylprednisolone, Kenalog in Orabase®, topical Gentamicin, vitamin B12, and oral cavity cleansing with physiological saline solution. Evaluation on day 6 revealed clinical improvement, including increased appetite, reduced oral mucosal inflammation, disappearance of ocular and nasal discharge, and resolution of conjunctivitis. The conclusion of this case is that a combination therapy approach consisting of causative, symptomatic, and supportive treatments was effective in managing FGS with conjunctivitis as a complication. Long-term monitoring and routine vaccination are recommended to prevent recurrence.
IDENTIFICATION OF FORMALIN CONTENT IN SOME FRESH SALTWATER FISH AT X TRADITIONAL MARKET, PAYAKUMBUH
Fish is a food source with high protein content and is relatively more affordable compared to other animal-based protein sources. A common issue is the misuse of hazardous substances to prevent quality deterioration and increase profit, such as formalin. This study aimed to identify the presence of formalin in fresh marine fish sold at Traditional Market X, Payakumbuh, to ensure food quality and safety for public consumption. Formalin testing was conducted on 10 samples, each weighing 10 g. Twenty milliliters of aquadest were added to each sample, followed by homogenization using a stomacher. The samples were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for two minutes. After centrifugation, 10 mL of the supernatant from each sample was transferred into test tubes. Each tube was added with 3 drops of 0.5% phenylhydrazine, 2 drops of 5% sodium nitroprusside, and 3 drops of 10% NaOH, and the results were observed. The results showed that none of the samples contained formalin, as indicated by the absence of color change; all samples remained reddish-orange after reagent addition. Therefore, fresh marine fish sold at Traditional Market X Payakumbuh, were confirmed to be free from formalin and safe for consumption. Routine monitoring by the government is recommended to prevent the misuse of hazardous substances such as formalin in food products.
CASE REPORT: CONCURRENT ASPERGILLOSIS, STAPHYLOCOCCOSIS AND COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILER CHICKENS IN BENOA, BALI
Co-infection of Aspergillus fumigatus with Staphylococcus sp and Eimeria spp that occur in poultry farming systems has the potential to increase the severity of the disease and cause significant economic losses. This case report aims to report the results of a diagnosis of coinfection of the disease in broiler chickens at one of the farms in Benoa, South Kuta District, Badung Regency, Bali. The farm has a capacity of 16,000 heads with a closed cage system. The examination was carried out based on epidemiological fingerprints, anamnesis, clinical examination, pathology, bacteriological tests, mycology and parasitology. Clinical symptoms observed include anorexia, weakness, curled up, drowsiness, and being smaller than peers of his age (dwarf). Interview data showed that as many as 0.78% of the chicken population showed symptoms of disease (morbidity), with a mortality rate of 0.075%. About 1.05% of infected chickens die (CFR). The results of an anatomical pathology examination found a multisystemic form of aspergillosis characterized by many yellowish-white granulomas of various sizes in various organs, including the lungs, heart, proventriculus, ventricles, kidneys, spleen, and small intestine. On histopathological examination, there are special granulomatous lesions in which there are septated hyphae. Mycological tests showed the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Bacteriological tests identified the presence of Staphylococcus sp., while parasitological tests detected the presence of Eimeria spp. with a value of 12,300 oocysts per gram. Based on a series of examinations carried out, the case chickens experienced aspergillosis, staphycococosis, and coccidiosis at the same time. Coinfection of the disease needs to be a concern because it can make it difficult to diagnose and control the disease.
TREATMENT OF MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN A DOMESTIC DOG
Malassezia dermatitis is a common skin disease in dogs caused by the overgrowth of Malassezia sp., a lipophilic yeast that normally inhabits the skin but may act as an opportunistic pathogen when skin homeostasis is disrupted. This yeast is commonly found in areas with active sebaceous glands and may cause pruritus, alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and chronic skin changes. This report describes a case of a 3-month-old female domestic puppy named Stella, weighing approximately 3 kg, presenting with chronic pruritus accompanied by generalized hair loss that had persisted for approximately one month. Dermatological examination revealed alopecia on the face, ears, neck, and extremities, along with hyperpigmentation, crust formation, and skin thickening consistent with lichenification. Supporting examinations using acetic acid tape preparation (ATP) cytology demonstrated a high number of Malassezia sp., while skin scraping and otic swab examinations did not reveal the presence of ectoparasites or other infectious agents, and trichogram analysis showed a predominance of hairs in the telogen phase, indicating chronic skin stress. The therapy administered consisted of bathing with Sebazole® shampoo as the primary treatment, topical application of apple cider vinegar and virgin coconut oil (VCO) as adjunct therapies to support skin barrier repair, and administration of diphenhydramine as symptomatic therapy to reduce pruritus. After four weeks of treatment, the clinical condition of the case animal showed significant improvement leading to complete recovery, characterized by the resolution of pruritus, skin lesions, and alopecia, along with hair regrowth.
CASE REPORT: DERMATITIS IN A MIX DOG WITH TOPICAL CANDLENUT OIL THERAPY AND FINDING OF ANCYLOSTOMA SPP. INFECTION
Dermatitis is one of the most common skin problems in dogs and can be accompanied by various clinical manifestations such as pruritus, erythema, papules, scaling, hyperpigmentation, and alopecia. This condition is multifactorial and can be caused by both infectious and non-infectious factors. Ancylostoma spp. infestation in dogs is known to cause gastrointestinal disorders, particularly anemia due to chronic blood loss. However, this infestation can also be associated with dermatological manifestations such as dermatitis and alopecia, which are related to percutaneous larval migration and the systemic impact of the resulting anemia. This case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis and Ancylostoma spp. infection in a 1-year-old mixed-breed female dog with symptoms of generalized alopecia, pruritus, erythema, hyperpigmentation, scaling, papules, and scooting, as well as a thin body condition. Diagnostic methods included clinical examination and skin, fecal, and complete blood count examinations. The results revealed the presence of Ancylostoma spp. eggs, skin examination revealed no detectable ectoparasites or dermatological pathogens, and the blood test results showed lymphocytosis, granulocytopenia, and mild thrombocytopenia. Treatment included a combination of pyrantel pamoate as an anthelmintic, chlorpheniramine maleate as an antihistamine, vitamin B-complex supplements, and topical candlenut oil to support skin regeneration and promote hair growth. Clinical evaluation over 14 days showed significant improvement, with the disappearance of pruritus, new hair growth, and a negative stool test for worm eggs. This combination therapy approach has proven effective and can be an alternative natural treatment that supports skin recovery in cases of dermatitis and Ancylostoma spp. infection.
MANAGEMENT OF A CAT INFECTED WITH FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS AND MYCOPLASMA HAEMOFELIS AT THE VETERINARY TEACHING HOSPITAL, HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
Infectious diseases in domestic cats (Felis catus) remain a major challenge in veterinary practice, particularly in multi-etiological infections involving viral agents and hemotropic parasites. Coinfection with Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) and Feline Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis (FHM) can cause severe immunosuppression, exacerbate clinical signs, and increase mortality risk, often accompanied by complications such as feline flu due to opportunistic secondary infections. This study aimed to describe the clinical management of a feline flu case in a cat infected with FPV and concurrent FHM at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hasanuddin University. This case report describes a domestic cat presenting with vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, and respiratory distress. Diagnosis was established based on anamnesis, clinical examination, hematological analysis, FPV rapid testing, blood smear examination, and bacterial culture. Therapeutic management included fluid therapy, antiviral treatment, culture-guided antibiotic therapy, antiparasitic treatment, nebulization therapy using salbutamol, as well as supportive and nutritional care. The results revealed that the cat tested positive for FPV, Mycoplasma haemofelis was detected on blood smear examination, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated through bacterial culture. Comprehensive therapeutic management led to gradual clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of an integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the management of multi-etiological infections in cats.
MANAGEMENT OF STRUVITE UROLITHIASIS IN AN AMERICAN BULLY DOG
Urolithiasis is one of the most common urinary tract disorders in dogs and can be influenced by nutritional factors, breed, sex, water intake, and infections caused by urease-producing bacteria. This article reports a 4-year-old female American Bully dog presenting with intermittent hematuria for eight months. Urinalysis revealed an alkaline urine pH of 8, urine specific gravity ≤ 1.010, and a very high number of struvite crystals. Ultrasonographic examination showed hyperechoic sand-like material within the urinary bladder, while no uroliths were detected on radiographic examination. Hematological and serum biochemical analyses revealed mild changes that remained within physiological limits. The therapeutic approach included administration of cefadroxil, methylprednisolone, Cystaid®, Nutri-Plus Gel®, and dietary modification to a therapeutic Urinary S/O for 14 days. Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations after therapy demonstrated a reduction in the number of bladder crystals, along with improvement in urine color and odor. This case highlights that a combination of pharmacological therapy and dietary management plays an important role in the treatment of struvite urolithiasis in dogs, particularly cases associated with uncontrolled dietary patterns.
ANIMAL WELFARE: A STRATEGIC INVESTMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE MODERN FARMING
Animal welfare has emerged as a fundamental pillar in the transformation of modern sustainable livestock farming. This study analyses the position of animal welfare as a strategic investment for enhancing product quality and optimizing operational efficiency in animal production. Through a systematic literature review of recent scientific publications, this research reveals that the implementation of animal welfare principles significantly reduces the incidence of PSE and DFD meat, decreases dependence on antibiotics, and improves both product quality and market competitiveness. Furthermore, animal welfare certification demonstrates proven efficacy in creating product added value and facilitating access to global markets. The study concludes that the integration of animal welfare represents an essential strategy toward sustainable livestock production. Therefore, integrated policies supporting animal welfare implementation through incentive schemes and certification program reinforcement are recommended.
HEPATIC HISTOPATHOLOGY OF WHITE RATS EXPOSED TO LEAD AND TREATED WITH MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF SIMPLICIA
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that induces the formation of free radicals and causes hepatocellular damage, making the liver one of the primary target organs of lead toxicity. Moringa oleifera leaves contain natural antioxidants with the potential to counteract oxidative stress induced by lead exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf simplicia on liver histopathology in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to lead acetate. A total of 20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: P0 (negative control; standard feed and water), P1 (positive control; 0.5 mg/head/day of lead acetate for 3 days), P2 (0.5 mg/head/day of lead acetate plus 0.1 g/mL/day of Moringa oleifera leaf simplicia), and P3 (0.5 mg/head/day of lead acetate plus 0.6 g/mL/day of Moringa oleifera leaf simplicia). Treatments were administered for 14 days via intragastric gavage. On day 15, the rats were euthanized, and liver tissues were collected, processed histologically, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histopathological lesions, including congestion, fatty degeneration, and necrosis, were scored on a scale from 0 to 3 based on severity. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences among groups for all lesions (P < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test revealed significant differences in hepatic congestion between P0 and P1, P0 and P2, as well as between P3 and P1-P2, while no significant difference was observed between P0 and P3. For fatty degeneration and necrosis, P0 differed significantly from P1, P2, and P3. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera leaf simplicia at a dose of 0.6 g/mL/day reduced the severity of hepatic congestion caused by lead exposure; however, its effects on fatty degeneration and necrosis were not statistically significant.
OPTIMIZATION OF ISOLATION, PURIFICATION, AND FREEZE-DRYING FOR BOVINE PLATELET-RICH PLASMA (PRP) TO DEVELOP BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous plasma fraction enriched with platelets and growth factors that support tissue repair. In veterinary applications, bovine PRP shows therapeutic potential, but its clinical use is limited by the short stability of fresh preparations. Freeze-drying offers a promising method to improve PRP shelf-life and usability. This study aimed to develop a standardized protocol for bovine PRP isolation, characterization, and freeze-drying. Blood samples (400 mL) were collected from six healthy cows using CPDA-1 anticoagulant. Hematological screening was performed using an automated analyzer. PRP was isolated via a double-spin centrifugation protocol and subsequently lyophilized using a controlled freezing and freeze-drying system. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, and Spearman correlations. Hematology profiles showed wide biological variation in WBC, HGB, and HCT, while RBC, MCV, and PLT remained within stable ranges. Double-spin centrifugation effectively increased platelet concentration up to threefold from baseline. Freeze-drying produced stable PRP powder with low residual moisture, suitable for storage at room temperature. Significant positive correlations were found among RBC-HGB-HCT, reflecting normal erythropoietic physiology. The developed protocol successfully standardized bovine PRP isolation and freeze-drying procedures, producing stable and concentrated PRP suitable for extended storage. Freeze-dried bovine PRP has strong potential as a practical biological product for veterinary regenerative applications and cattle health management.Further studies are recommended to evaluate the biological stability and clinical efficacy of freeze-dried bovine PRP in various veterinary therapeutic applications.
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP) IN CHICKEN SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND CHICKEN CUTTING PLACES IN DENPASAR
Chicken meat is the most widely consumed animal-based food commodity in Indonesia, making product quality and safety important. Chicken Slaughterhouses and Chicken Cutting Places serve as critical units in producing chicken carcasses that meet the principles of Safe, Healthy, Intact, and Halal (ASUH). This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in Chicken Slaughterhouses and Chicken Cutting Places in Denpasar City. This study used an observational design and a quantitative approach. Sampling was conducted using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Fourteen respondents, including owners and quality control managers, were interviewed for this study. Data were collected through structured interviews using questionnaires. The level of GMP knowledge showed that 42.8% of respondents were in the good category, while the overall level of knowledge was low. The GMP attitude level showed that 85.7% of respondents had a positive attitude toward GMP implementation. Meanwhile, the GMP practice level indicated that 50% of the respondents were in the low category. GMP knowledge in Chicken Slaughterhouses and Chicken Cutting Places showed variation but tended to remain low. Although respondents’ attitudes toward GMP were generally positive, this was not yet reflected in their practices, which remained suboptimal and below the standard. This condition indicates a gap between knowledge and attitude and the actual implementation of GMP in the field. The recommendations of this study include continuous socialization and further research with more diverse respondents to improve knowledge, attitudes, and GMP practices among food handlers.
A CASE REPORT: SUSPECT PSYCHOGENIC ALOPECIA WITH SECONDARY DERMATITIS IN A PERSIAN CAT
Psychogenic alopecia is hair loss caused by behavioral disorders that lead cats to groom excessively, resulting in skin lesions. Compulsive grooming causes alopecia, erythema, and secondary skin lesions. This case report discusses a Persian cat with complaints of alopecia, redness, and crusting without any infectious agents being found. Physical examination revealed self-induced alopecia, with pre-existing conditions within normal limits and a body condition score (BCS) of 5/9. Overall, the cat exhibited a docile temperament and normal activity levels. Complete blood count results were within normal ranges. The cat showed significant improvement after antihistamine therapy, a special diet for skin and hair, and grooming with hypoallergenic shampoo in a low-stress environment. However, relapse occurred after returning home to an environment with a high cat population. The cat recovered again after the owner provided more attention by regularly interacting and playing with it. Based on the history, examination findings, and therapeutic response, the diagnosis was established as suspected psychogenic alopecia with secondary dermatitis triggered by environmental stress.
CASE REPORT: MANUAL REPOSITIONING MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE PROLAPSE IN CATTLE AT SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN LIMAPULUH KOTA REGENCY
Uterine prolapse is a reproductive disorder in cattle that requires prompt and effective management to ensure survival, recovery, and preservation of fertility. Uterine prolapse is defined as the protrusion of the uterus through the vulva, exposing the mucosal surface. This case report describes the occurrence of uterine prolapse in a cow and its therapeutic management. Clinical examination revealed that the uterus was protruding outside the pelvic cavity, accompanied by weakness and anorexia. The patient was diagnosed with a uterine prolapse. The treatment consisted of manual uterine repositioning, followed by vulvar suturing. Supportive therapy, including antibiotics, multivitamins, calcium supplementation, and topical antiseptics, was administered for seven days. The cow showed favorable recovery and complete resolution of the uterine prolapse. The prevention of recurrent uterine prolapse in cattle includes adequate uterine repositioning, temporary vulvar suturing, correction of postpartum metabolic disorders, appropriate nutritional management, and close postpartum monitoring.
PERCENTAGE OF ELIGIBILITY OF BALI CATTLE LIVER (BOS SONDAICUS) DURING THE 2025 EID AL-ADHA THROUGH POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION IN DANGIN PURI KELOD VILLAGE, DENPASAR CITY
The celebration of Eid al-Adha as sacrificial worship is closely related to aspects of animal health and the safety of animal-derived food, as its implementation requires compliance with animal health and welfare principles, as well as assurance of meat suitability for public consumption. The increasing number of sacrificial animals each year necessitates greater attention to animal health to ensure food safety for the community. The liver of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) is an important indicator of the overall health of the body. This study aimed to determine the percentage of suitability of Bali cattle livers from sacrificial animals during Eid al-Adha through postmortem examination in Dangin Puri Kelod Village, East Denpasar District, Denpasar City, Indonesia. The study employed an observational method with a cross-sectional study design, involving 28 Bali cattle liver samples (total sampling). Examinations were conducted using inspection, palpation, and incision methods, with assessment parameters including color, shape, consistency, odor, and lesions. The results showed that 27 samples (96%) were normal and suitable for consumption, while one sample (4%) was abnormal and deemed unfit for consumption. These findings indicate that the majority of sacrificial Bali cattle livers in Dangin Puri Kelod Village met the ASUH standards (Safe, Healthy, Wholesome, and Halal). Continuous post-mortem examinations are necessary to ensure food safety and protect public health.
MONITORING OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN BROILER CHICKEN LIVERS IN TABANAN REGENCY, BALI
Antibiotic residues in animal products can pose health risks, including antimicrobial resistance, allergies, and toxicity. The use of antibiotics in inappropriate doses, either excessive or insufficient, can cause antibiotic residues in animal products, especially in the liver, milk, and meat. Broiler chicken livers have a higher risk of residue accumulation than other organs due to their role in drug metabolism. This study aims to determine the presence or absence of antibiotic residues in broiler chicken livers in relation to the level of knowledge and attitudes of farmers regarding the use of antibiotics administered during the broiler chicken rearing process in Tabanan Regency, Bali. This study is observational with a purposive sampling method that requires 20 broiler chicken liver samples, and data on farmers' knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use is obtained directly through interviews from broiler chicken farms. Antibiotic residues in broiler chicken liver samples will be tested using a screening test based on the Kirby-Bauer method at the Denpasar Veterinary Public Health Laboratory. The research data was tabulated and analyzed descriptively, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The test results showed that all broiler chicken liver samples were negative for antibiotic residues. These results were supported by the farmers' high level of knowledge regarding the proper use of antibiotics, compliance with withdrawal periods, and the application of doses that were generally in accordance with recommendations. Although all farmers still reported using antibiotics during rearing, the pattern of administration was monitored and found to be controlled and not excessive. It is hoped that these good attitudes and practices can be maintained in order to ensure the safety of poultry-derived food.
OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EFFORTS AT 003 LUBUK KEMBANG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, LOCATED IN THE BUFFER ZONE OF TESSO NILO NATIONAL PARK, RIAU PROVINCE
Indonesia, as a mega-biodiversity country, faces huge pressure on its ecosystems and wildlife due to deforestation, exploitation of natural resources, and low environmental literacy among the community, including in the buffer zones of national parks. Environmental education from an early age is an important strategy in building conservation awareness and pro-environmental behavior. This study aims to describe the implementation of environmental education in wildlife protection efforts in elementary schools located in the buffer zone of Tesso Nilo National Park, Riau Province. This study uses a descriptive approach with quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 50 students aged 8–12 years were selected using purposive sampling to complete a conservation understanding questionnaire, while in-depth interviews were conducted with two teachers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results showed that the students' initial level of understanding of wildlife conservation was still relatively low, with an average score of 60.3 ± 15.1. Environmental education in schools has been integrated into the 2013 Curriculum, but it does not specifically include material on wildlife conservation and forest preservation, nor is it supported by ongoing external education programs. The results of the study show that students' initial level of understanding of wildlife conservation is still relatively low, with an average score of 60.3 ± 15.1. Environmental education in schools has been integrated into the 2013 Curriculum, but it does not specifically include material on wildlife conservation and forest preservation, nor is it supported by ongoing external education programs. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of environmental education in the buffer zone of Tesso Nilo National Park is still not optimal in building a comprehensive understanding of wildlife conservation. There is a need to strengthen conservation-based environmental education through curriculum integration, the development of contextual educational media, and the implementation of sustainable and participatory non-formal education programs.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DYNAMICS OF INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS DURING THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER, ADAPTATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT IN A NEW EX-SITU HABITAT
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ex-situ habitat transfer on physiological and behavioral stress responses in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and to assess the effectiveness of environmental enrichment in mitigating stress and enhancing welfare. Seven dolphins were monitored across four periods: before transfer, immediately upon arrival at the new facility, after 15 days of adaptation, and following 30 days of environmental enrichment using interactive toys. Parameters measured included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, respiratory rate, frequency of stereotypic behaviors, food intake, social interactions, and compliance with trainer commands. The results demonstrated that habitat transfer induced significant increases in N/L ratio and respiratory rate. A 15-day adaptation period was insufficient to restore physiological and behavioral parameters to baseline levels. However, after 30 days of environmental enrichment, stress indicators improved markedly, with decreased N/L ratios, normalized respiratory rates, reduced stereotypic behaviors, and increased food intake, social interactions, and compliance. These findings underscore the importance of integrating structured environmental enrichment strategies into ex-situ conservation and management programs to support optimal welfare in captive dolphins.
CASE REPORT: TREATMENT OF OBLIQUE DIAPHYSIS FEMUR FRACTURE IN A 3-MONTH-OLD LOCAL DOG
Femoral fracture is damage or loss of continuity of femoral bone tissue with or without displacement of bone fragments. Femoral fractures are often caused by mechanical trauma. A 3-month-old crossbreed dog, weighing 4 kg and male, complained of swelling, unable to walk and the right leg could not support. Based on owner information, the case dog was hit by a vehicle two days earlier. The results of the radiographic examination, the dog had an oblique fracture of the right femoral diaphysis with a prognosis of fausta. Treatment was carried out by surgery using internal fixation of intramedullary pins using general anaesthesia, a combination of xylazine and ketamine. Postoperatively, the antibiotic cefotaxime was given at a dose of 20 mg/kg/q12h (IV), followed by cefadroxil syrup at a dose of 25 mg/kg/q12h analgesic meloxicam tablets at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/q24h. One week after surgery, a radiographic examination was carried out, the results showed that the pin was pushed up. The second operation was performed to correct the installation of the first pin. After the second operation, the antibiotic amoxicillin syrup (R/Amoxsan) was given at a dose of 20 mg/kgq8h, analgesic mefenamic acid tablets at a dose of 30 mg/kg/q12h and calcium carbonate (R/Osteocal) at a dose of 66 mg/kg/q24h to accelerate the callus formation process. Thirteen days after the operation, the wound had dried well and the dog was able to set its legs and run although it was still limping. The results of the X-Ray radiography thirty-four days after the operation showed that callus had formed on the fracture fragment of the femur bone. It is recommended that surgery be performed immediately to avoid the formation of callus at the end of the fracture and after the installation of the intramedullary pin, periodic radiographic examinations are carried out to determine the position of the pin in the bone marrow.
SEVERE TOXOCARA CATI INFECTION IN A DOMESTIC CAT: A CASE STUDY WITH PATHOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN SAYAN VILLAGE, UBUD
Toxocariasis is a disease caused by worms of the genus Toxocara. In chronic cases, toxocariasis can lead to mortality due to damage to vital organs, including the lungs, liver, and intestines. The objective of this case study is a 2-month-old cat from Sayan Village, Ubud Subdistrict, Gianyar Regency, Bali, Indonesia. This case study aims to establish a diagnosis based on anamnesis, clinical signs, epidemiological data, anatomical pathology, histopathology, and laboratory examination results. Clinical symptoms observed in the case cat included emaciation, an enlarged abdomen, eye discharge, pale gums, rough fur, and liquid, foamy feces. Anatomical pathology examination revealed the presence of Toxocara cati worms, with a total count of 43 worms distributed throughout the small intestine, stomach, esophagus, trachea, and lungs. Fecal examination using qualitative methods detected Toxocara cati worm eggs. Histopathological observations indicated eosinophilic inflammatory cell infiltration in the small intestine and trachea. It was concluded that the case cat was diagnosed with toxocariasis. It was concluded that the cat was diagnosed with toxocariasis, which contributed to the severity of clinical symptoms and potentially mortality, emphasizing the need for effective preventive and biosecurity measures.
QUALITY OF BERKSHIRE BOAR SEMEN DILUTED WITH A COMBINATION OF BELTSVILLE THAWING SOLUTION AND MELATONIN AT DIFFERENT STORAGE TIMES
Berkshire pigs are a popular choice for small and large scale pig farming enterprises worldwide, including in Bali. Berkshire pigs are well known for their superior meat quality and relatively fast growth rate. This study aimed to determine the effect of storage duration on the quality of Berkshire boar spermatozoa diluted with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS®) supplemented with melatonin. Semen from Berkshire boars was diluted using BTS® supplemented with melatonin at a concentration of 1.0 mM and stored at a temperature of 15 –20°C. Semen quality was evaluated at different storage intervals: (P1) 48 hours, (P2) 60 hours, and (P3) 72 hours. The observed semen quality parameters included sperm motility, sperm abnormalities, sperm viability, and plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa, which were examined using smear preparations observed under a microscope. In addition, sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an indicator of oxidative stress were measured using the Porcine MDA ELISA Kit. Duncan’s multiple range test analysis showed that the storage duration of Berkshire boar semen diluted with BTS® supplemented with melatonin was able to maintain sperm motility, abnormality, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and malondialdehyde levels up to 72 hours of storage, with sperm motility of 40.66%, sperm viability of 53.00%, and sperm abnormalities of 6.33%. These values met the minimum standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 8034:2023) for liquid boar semen. These results indicate that melatonin acts as an antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of oxidative stress in spermatozoa cells.
MANAGEMENT OF FELINE DYSTOCIA DUE TO UTERINE RUPTURE IN CIKAL PET CARE, POLEWALI MANDAR, WEST SULAWESI: A CASE REPORT
The trend of cat ownership in the community continues to increase along with the growing interest in companion animals; however, this condition is not free from various reproductive medical problems. One of the disorders frequently encountered is difficulty in parturition, or dystocia, which may lead to serious complications if not managed promptly and appropriately. Dystocia is a reproductive emergency in cats that can progress to uterine rupture if not treated adequately. This case report aims to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and surgical management of a cat with dystocia accompanied by uterine rupture. The method used was a case report based on anamnesis, physical examination, and abdominal palpation, with confirmation through intraoperative findings during exploratory laparotomy, considering the limitations of supporting diagnostic examinations. The examination results revealed abdominal enlargement, dehydration, and the presence of free fetuses within the abdominal cavity due to rupture of the uterine wall. Management was performed through total ovariohysterectomy accompanied by abdominal lavage and postoperative therapy. It is concluded that a combination of careful clinical diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention is an effective approach in managing cases of dystocia complicated by uterine rupture in cats.
MACROSCOPIC LESION HEALING IN DOGS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS FOLLOWING COCONUT OIL ADMINISTRATION
Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with inflammatory and pruritic allergic conditions, with a genetic predisposition and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production against environmental allergens. To address this disease, the use of coconut oil as a herbal medicine may serve as an alternative therapy. This study aimed to evaluate changes in macroscopic skin lesions in dogs with atopic dermatitis following coconut oil administration. The study used five Balinese local breed dogs with atopic dermatitis aged three months. The dogs received coconut oil massage treatment once every three days for 33 days. The research procedure involved observing the progression of primary and secondary lesion healing, hair growth around the lesion area, and microscopic examination of the hair growth phase. The data were analyzed using nonparametric tests, followed by the Friedman test, Wilcoxon test, and regression analysis. The results of the Friedman, Wilcoxon, and regression tests showed significant healing after coconut oil application, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in macroscopic observations. Overall, improvements in macroscopic lesions were observed in all sample dogs, characterized by reduced pruritus, erythema, macules, papules, pustules, crusts, scabs, scaling, hyperpigmentation, and lichenification, as well as hair regrowth in areas affected by alopecia. In conclusion, coconut oil application is effective in improving the healing of macroscopic lesions in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
PREVALENCE OF FELINE CORONAVIRUS CASES DURING AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2025 AT VETOPET 1 ANIMAL CLINIC, CIKARET, WEST JAVA
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) can mutate into Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), which has high morbidity and mortality rates in cats worldwide and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The highest incidence of FCoV infection occurs in Europe (47.6%), including Germany (100%). Research on the prevalence of FCoV in Indonesia has not been widely reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of FCoV infection at Vetopet 1 Animal Clinic. Primary data were obtained from rapid combo test results (GIA, FCoV, FPV) confirmed positive for FCoV infection by veterinarians, and secondary data was obtained from the cats' medical records. The prevalence of FCoV during the period of August–September 2025 at Vetopet 1 Animal Clinic, based on breed category, was 69% in non-domestic breeds (χ² = 0.044; P<0.05). Based on sex, the prevalence was 69% in male cats (χ² = 0.025; P<0.05). Kittens showed a prevalence of 59% (χ² = 0.002; P<0.05). Based on living environment, indoor, semi-indoor, and outdoor cats showed a prevalence of 50%, while households owning more than one cat showed a prevalence of 78%. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of FCoV infection at Vetopet 1 Animal Clinic falls within the moderate category.