Buletin Veteriner Udayana is peer review journal, published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University as a medium of information and the development of veterinary science. Published six times throughout the year every February, April, June, August, October and December. This journal discusses the scientific works containing the results of research in the field of veterinary sciences. The scope of journal is wide and multidisciplinary that publishes original research papers, review articles, as well as conceptual, technical and methodological papers on all aspects includes research findings, experimental design, analysis and recent application in veterinary sciences. BVU had been accredited rank SINTA 4 by SINTA DIKTI INDEXED IN COPERNICUS
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana
Cover and Table of Content of BVU Vol. 18 No. 3 June 2026
Copyright (c) 2026 Buletin Veteriner Udayana
LITERATURE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ESCHERICHIA COLI IN RIVER BASINS IN INDONESIA
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an important indicator of faecal contamination in aquatic environments and has been increasingly reported as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance in river ecosystems. This study aimed to review the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli isolated from river basins in Indonesia through a literature review approach. Scientific articles published in national journals between 2014 and 2024 were collected and analysed descriptively. The results showed that the prevalence of E. coli in river water ranged from 68.51% to 100%. High resistance levels were reported against β-lactam antibiotics, particularly ampicillin and amoxicillin (45-82%), followed by tetracycline (37-71%), streptomycin (73.3%), and tobramycin (57%). In addition, multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were identified in several studies, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) prevalence reaching approximately 24% in the Citarum River. These findings indicate that river basins in Indonesia may act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant E. coli, highlighting the importance of routine environmental monitoring and proper wastewater management to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF INTENSIVE BROILERS AND KUB CHICKENS REARED ACCORDING TO ANIMAL WELFARE STANDARDS
The increasing public demand for chicken meat has driven the intensification of broiler poultry farming, which risks increasing the use of antibiotics and the presence of residues in animal-derived food products. Uncontrolled antibiotic use can trigger the presence of residues that endanger consumer health. This study aimed to detect and compare the prevalence of antibiotic residues in the liver and kidney organs of intensively reared broiler chickens and Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens raised according to animal welfare standards. This research was an analytical observational study with a comparative cross-sectional design. A total of 20 liver and kidney samples were collected using purposive sampling and tested using the bioassay method at the Balai Besar Veteriner (BBVet) Denpasar to detect residues of penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide, and aminoglycoside. The results showed that the prevalence of antibiotic residues in intensive broiler chickens was 10% with findings of penicillin group residues, while all KUB chicken samples showed negative results. Statistical analysis using the Chi-Square test indicated that there was no significant difference between the two groups (p-value=0.305). The animal welfare-based rearing system in KUB chickens demonstrates better food safety potential compared to the intensive system due to the absence of antibiotic residues. The implementation of animal welfare standards plays an important role in maintaining livestock health and the quality of animal products naturally. It is recommended for farmers to begin implementing animal welfare standards to reduce dependence on antibiotic use and ensure food safety.
SUCCESSFUL 28-DAY COMBINATION THERAPY OF MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN A 1-YEAR-OLD MIXED SMALL-BREED DOG: A CASE REPORT
Malasseziosis is a common opportunistic dermatosis in dogs, particularly in tropical environments. Although combination therapy is recommended, evidence from small-breed dogs in Southeast Asian tropical climates remains limited. This case report aims to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, response to combination therapy, and clinical and cytological monitoring in a case of chronic malasseziosis in a small-breed dog. A 1-year-old, 1.95-kg female mixed small-breed dog presented with an 8-month history of bilateral alopecia, scaling, pruritus (PVAS 6/10), and rancid skin odour. Acetate tape impression cytology stained with Diff-Quick confirmed heavy Malassezia colonisation (footprint/snowman morphology). Treatment comprised oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg q24h × 28 days), chlorpheniramine maleate (4 mg/animal q12h), essential fatty acid supplementation, silymarin hepatoprotection, and twice-weekly medicated shampoo (ketoconazole + benzethonium chloride). Cytological monitoring showed a progressive reduction in Malassezia density starting in week 2. By week 4, scaling and abnormal odour had resolved, and hair regrowth was evident in previously alopecic areas. Combination systemic and topical antifungal therapy was effective in resolving malasseziosis within 28 days. Baseline hepatic function testing and scheduled cytological reassessment are recommended to detect recurrence early.
THE EFFECT OF WHITE DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS) SIMPLICIA AS A CARDIOPROTECTIVE AGENT IN WHITE RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) ADMINISTERED DEXAMETHASONE
Long-term dexamethasone use may induce cardiovascular side effects, such as oxidative stress and myocardial damage, which manifest as degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation. White dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) contains polyphenols, flavonoids, betalains, and vitamin C, which possess strong antioxidant properties and may have cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of white dragon fruit simplicia on cardiac histopathology in dexamethasone-treated rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into four groups: P0 (negative control), P1 (positive control – dexamethasone 0.13 mg/kg), P2 (dexamethasone + 50% simplicia), and P3 (dexamethasone + 100% simplicia). The treatments were administered orally for 21 days. Cardiac tissue was processed using hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess degenerative, necrotic, and inflammatory changes. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. The results of the Mann–Whitney test on the degeneration parameters showed a significant difference between the negative control group (P0) and groups P1, P2, and P3. In the necrosis parameter, the Mann–Whitney test results showed a significant difference between P0 and P1, but no significant difference between P2 and P3. None of the treatment groups showed significant differences in the inflammation parameters (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the administration of white dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) simplicia was able to significantly reduce the severity of necrotic lesions, as well as reduce the degree of degeneration, especially at a dose of 100%, but did not have a significant effect on inflammatory lesions in the hearts of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) treated with dexamethasone.
IN VITRO STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ITS POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT THE GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS
Antibiotics are widely used in livestock production to promote growth, improve productivity, and prevent disease. However, the continuous use of antibiotics as Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) may lead to several adverse effects, including the development of antimicrobial resistance, accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal products and the environment, and disruption of beneficial intestinal microflora. Therefore, natural alternatives are increasingly being explored, with honey emerging as a promising candidate. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey against Escherichia coli and its potential to stimulate the growth of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus. Three types of 100% pure honey were tested: Kupang honey, Lombok honey, and commercial honey. Antibacterial activity against E. coli (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, while the effect on L. acidophilus (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) was evaluated using a modified agar disc diffusion assay for growth stimulation. The results showed that all honey types exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, although with relatively small inhibition zones. Lombok honey produced the largest inhibition zone (6.85 mm), followed by Kupang honey (6.26 mm) and commercial honey (6.25 mm). In contrast, all honey samples significantly stimulated the growth of L. acidophilus, as indicated by prominent growth-stimulation zones. Lombok honey showed the largest stimulation zone (26.97 mm), followed by commercial honey (26.88 mm) and Kupang honey (26.66 mm). These findings indicate that the tested honeys possess selective antibacterial activity against E. coli while also promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, honey has strong potential as a natural and sustainable alternative to conventional AGPs for supporting animal health.
Yohanes Timbun Raja Mangiut Ronael Simarmata
CATALASE AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ENZYME LEVELS IN THE SERUM OF DIABETIC RATS GIVEN A DECOCTION OF JAVANESE GINSENG (TALINUM PANICULATUM) LEAF SIMPLICIA
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and increased oxidative stress caused by excessive Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress may affect endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This study aimed to analyze the effect of Java ginseng leaf simplicia decoction (Talinum paniculatum) on serum CAT and GPx levels in diabetic rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: normal control (P0), diabetic control (P1), diabetic rats treated with Java ginseng leaf decoction 50 g/100 mL (P2), and diabetic rats treated with 100 g/100 mL (P3). Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 40 mg/kg body weight, and treatment was administered orally for 21 days. Serum CAT and GPx levels were measured using ELISA and analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed that CAT levels were significantly different among groups (P<0.05), while GPx levels were not significantly different (P>0.05). The 100 g/100 mL treatment group showed CAT levels closer to the normal group. It can be concluded that Java ginseng leaf simplicia decoction has potential antioxidant effects in diabetic rats by improving oxidative stress conditions. Further studies are recommended using more specific extraction methods and additional oxidative stress biomarkers.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SERTOLI CELL TUMORS EXTRATESTICULAR BY SCROTAL SAC ABLATION IN A LOCAL DOG
Sertoli cell tumor is an abnormal tissue growth or neoplasm that most frequently occurs in the genital system of male dogs and can occur outside the testicular organ (extratesticular). This tumor arises from the sex cord-stromal support tissue, which consists of granulosa cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. This report aims to document the management of a Sertoli cell tumor case in a male local dog through scrotal ablation surgery. A seven-year-old male local dog named Boby, weighing 17 kg, presented with a solid mass on the scrotum that had been present for one year and was progressively increasing in size. Ancillary diagnostic procedures via histopatology of the testis revealed a proliferation of columnar cells with visible mitosis and tumor cells with a tubular pattern between trabeculae, leading to a diagnosis of Sertoli cell tumor with a favorable prognosis. Treatment was performed through scrotal ablation surgery to remove the entire tumor mass attached to the dog's scrotum, followed by an orchiectomy. Postoperatively, long-acting amoxicillin (15 mg/kg BW) was administered subcutaneously (SC) q48h on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, followed by supportive therapy with biodin (2 ml) intramuscularly (IM) on the same schedule. On day 10, the surgical wound had begun to heal and showed no signs of infection; the dog exhibited normal appetite, water intake, urination, and defecation. These results indicate that scrotal ablation is an effective treatment for Sertoli cell tumors in dogs. Postoperatively, it is recommended to keep the dog in a cage and use an Elizabethan collar to prevent secondary infection.
ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ACCEPTANCE OF ANIMAL WELFARE CERTIFIED ANIMAL PRODUCTS
The implementation of animal welfare is an important aspect of sustainable livestock systems as it directly affects the quality and safety of animal products. Increasing global awareness of ethical issues has driven demand for animal welfare–certified products, particularly in tourist destinations such as Bali. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of domestic and international tourists toward animal welfare–certified animal products in Bali. The study employed an observational method with a descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach, involving 222 respondents consisting of 111 domestic tourists and 111 international tourists. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively, as well as using the Mann–Whitney test to identify differences between groups. The results showed that international tourists have a higher level of knowledge compared to domestic tourists, particularly regarding the concepts, indicators, and certification of animal welfare. Both groups demonstrated positive attitudes; however, international tourists exhibited a higher level of acceptance, reflected in their purchase intention, willingness to pay more, and tendency to choose and recommend certified products. There were highly significant differences between the two groups in terms of knowledge as well as attitudes and acceptance (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that the level of knowledge plays an important role in shaping consumer attitudes and acceptance, with international tourists representing a key potential market. Therefore, it is recommended that the government, business actors, and the tourism industry enhance education efforts, expand product availability, and optimize promotion and information transparency to increase consumer interest in animal welfare products in Indonesia.
BODY MORPHOMETRY AND BODY CONDITION SCORE AS INDICATORS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CATTLE: LITERATURE REVIEW
Evaluating the nutritional status of cattle is important for supporting productivity, reproductive efficiency, and health. Body morphometry and body condition score (BCS) are widely used methods because they are practical and can directly describe the physiological conditions of cattle. This review analyzed the role of body morphometry and BCS in determining the nutritional status of cattle and their relationship with production and reproductive performances. We used a systematic literature review method by searching scientific articles from the ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, and DOAJ databases published between 2016 and 2026. Article selection was performed using the PICO approach and PRISMA guidelines to obtain relevant open-access studies. The review showed that chest girth is the most representative morphometric parameter for predicting body weight, production capacity, and nutritional status because of its close relationship with muscle development and fat deposition in the thorax. Body length and withers height also reflect skeletal capacity and growth performance. BCS represents energy reserves and metabolic conditions associated with reproductive efficiency. The combination of morphometry and BCS provides a more comprehensive nutritional evaluation than either method alone. Body morphometry and BCS can be used as objective, economical, and applicable approaches for monitoring the nutritional status of cattle, especially in smallholder farming systems. Future studies should develop breed-based morphometric standards and digital technologies to improve the accuracy of nutritional assessment in cattle.
CANINE PARVOVIRUS INFECTION IN A LOCAL PUPPY FROM SEMPIDI VILLAGE, BADUNG REGENCY: A CASE REPORT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious viral disease associated with high mortality rates in dogs, particularly in puppies. Clinically, CPV infection manifests in two forms: enteritis and myocarditis. The virus spreads rapidly among dogs through direct contact with infected animals or indirect contact with contaminated feces and fomites. This case report describes a local male dog, approximately two months of age, from Sempidi Village, Mengwi District, Badung Regency, Bali, that presented with lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, refusal to eat and drink, and bloody diarrhea. Gross pathological examination revealed cerebral vascular congestion and meningeal hyperemia, cardiomegaly, multifocal pulmonary discoloration, multifocal discoloration of the liver lobes, dark discoloration of the renal cortex and medulla, splenomegaly, and hemorrhages affecting both the intestinal serosa and mucosa. Histopathological examination demonstrated meningoencephalitis, edematous necrotizing myocarditis, necrohemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, hemorrhagic hepatitis, hemorrhagic splenitis, necrohemorrhagic glomerulonephritis, and necrotizing enteritis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing confirmed CPV infection. Based on the anamnesis, clinical presentation, epidemiological findings, gross and histopathological lesions, and molecular diagnostic results, the dog was diagnosed with canine parvovirus infection.
COMMUNITY SERVICE REPORT: ANIMAL POPULATION SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN BATUAN KALER VILLAGE, SUKAWATI DISTRICT, GIANYAR
Batuan Kaler Village in Gianyar, Bali, exhibits close communitarian interactions between the local community, domestic animals, and livestock. However, the absence of valid population demographic data and animal health status mapping often hinders the effectiveness of veterinary intervention programs and sectoral development in rural communities. This community service activity, conducted through the XXXVIII Veterinary Clinical Work (KKV), utilized a door-to-door census survey method across four banjars (traditional neighborhood/community unit in Bali) (Sakah, Dauh Uma, Cangi, and Blahtanah) to collect data on animal populations, dominant clinical complaints, and socio-economic constraints of the residents. The census recorded a total domestic animal population dominated by poultry/chickens (488 heads) and dogs (249 heads), while pig ownership was completely absent (0 heads). The most pervasive clinical complaints across all banjars were ectoparasite-induced skin diseases (pruritus, ticks, and hair loss) alongside low dog sterilization rates. Sectorally, residents faced challenges including rodent pest infestations and weather fluctuations in agriculture, manure accumulation issues in livestock management, as well as capital instability and declining tourist visits in the craft and trade sectors. This community service has successfully established a crucial database for veterinary management in Batuan Kaler Village. Integrated follow-up programs are urgently required, focusing on mass skin disease treatment, dog sterilization, and training on transforming livestock waste into organic compost (eco-farming) to sustain the economic resilience of the local community.
THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND TIME VARIATIONS OF THE LACTOSE AND SKIM MILK AS INDUCER ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE RECOMBINANT PROTEIN A224L AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS
The development of subunit vaccines for African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) requires efficient recombinant protein production. One of the potential vaccine candidate proteins is A224L, which plays a key role in inducing host cell apoptosis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of IPTG, lactose, and skim milk as inducers for the expression of recombinant A224L protein fused with GST in the pGEX-2TK-A224L plasmid. The tested concentrations of lactose and skim milk were 1%, 2.5%, and 5%, with observation times of 5, 24, and 48 hours after induction. The expression of GST-A224L was detected using dot blot with anti-GST antibody. The density of the dot was quantified using ImageJ software. The results showed that the type of inducer had a significant effect on the expression intensity of the recombinant GST-A224L protein. In addition, inducer concentration variations produced significant differences in signal intensity. Meanwhile, longer induction times did not yield stronger signal intensity. The 5% skim milk for 24 hours of induction produced the strongest signal equivalent to IPTG for 48 hours. This condition is recommended for application in the production of the ASFV A224L recombinant protein.
AGROCHEMICAL EXPOSURE AND PEDIATRIC LEUKEMIA: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Pediatric leukemia is the most common childhood cancer worldwide, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) representing the majority of cases. Although genetic susceptibility contributes to disease development, it explains a minority of cases, emphasizing the potential role of environmental exposures in the pathogenesis. Among these, agrochemicals, including pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides, are extensively used in agricultural and residential settings and have been widely investigated of their biological plausibility for carcinogenic effects through mechanisms such as genotoxicity, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and epigenetic alteration. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the association between agrochemical exposure and pediatric leukemia from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies. Overall, the literature consistently reports modest but positive associations between pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia, particularly ALL. Stronger associations are observed for maternal prenatal, residential pesticide use, and early-life exposure. Evidence also indicates increased risk associated with paternal occupational exposure near conception, maternal occupational exposure during pregnancy, indoor insecticide use, and certain classes of insecticides and herbicides. Residential proximity to agricultural areas has been linked to higher incidence, potentially reflecting pesticide drift. Despite consistent findings, limitations remain, including heterogeneity in exposure assessment, reliance on self-reported data, and predominance of observational designs. Future studies should incorporate prospective designs, biomarker-based exposure measurement, and improved geospatial modeling to strengthen causal inference, clarify risk magnitude, and inform preventive strategies.
ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY STATUS OF BALI CATTLE BEFORE AND AFTER FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) VACCINATION IN RENDANG VILLAGE, KARANGASEM
Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) are an indigenous cattle breed originating from Indonesia and widely distributed across various regions of Indonesia. However, in 2022, the population declined due to an outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The main strategy to control FMD is through vaccination, and the effectiveness of vaccination can be evaluated by detecting the presence of antibodies using serological tests, such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study aimed to analyze the difference in antibody status in Bali cattle before and after FMD vaccination using a competitive ELISA test. The samples were divided into two groups of male Bali cattle calves aged under one year. The first group was seronegative calves (n=12), and the second group was seropositive calves (n=7) based on the pre-vaccination ELISA test. Data were analyzed using the McNemar test and Paired t-test after the data were confirmed to be normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk, P > 0.05). The statistical results showed that in the first group, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in antibody status before and after vaccination. In contrast, a significant difference (P < 0.05) in antibody levels was found in the second group before and after vaccination. These findings indicate that vaccination in the first group was not fully capable of triggering the desired immune response, while in the second group, booster vaccination could maintain and enhance the existing immune response. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the existing vaccination protocol and conduct accurate data collection regarding livestock vaccination status.
THE WELFARE EVALUATION OF QURBAN CATTLE BASED ON MEAT QUALITY AT THREE SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN PALANGKA RAYA CITY
This study aimed to evaluate the welfare of sacrificial (qurban) cattle based on meat quality at three slaughter locations in Palangka Raya City. Observed parameters included meat color, texture, odor, pH, moisture content, shelf life, and cooking loss, along with animal welfare assessed through the Five Freedoms framework. The research employed direct observation and laboratory analysis of meat samples from each site. Results indicated that animal welfare was generally practiced to a fair degree; however, basic needs such as feeding and watering prior to slaughter were often neglected. The meat quality from two locations was found to be superior compared to another, as indicated by lower pH values and longer shelf life. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between moisture content and weight loss (r = 0.61; p < 0.05). These findings highlight that proper implementation of animal welfare practices positively influences the quality of qurban beef. Therefore, improvements in pre- and post-slaughter management are necessary to ensure the future quality and safety of qurban meat products.
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE AND NEWCASTLE DISEASE CO-INFECTION WITH COLISEPTICEMIA IN A 15-WEEK-OLD COMMERCIAL LAYER CHICKEN
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Newcastle Disease (ND) are major threats to the poultry industry due to their high mortality rates. These diseases often become more complex when accompanied by bacterial coinfections that further compromise the health status of affected birds. A 15-week-old laying hen exhibited clinical signs including anorexia, decreased egg production, lethargy, diarrhea characterized by watery greenish-white feces, nasal exudate, incoordination, swelling of the frontal and orbital sinuses, and torticollis. Epidemiological analysis revealed a morbidity rate of 5.7%, a mortality rate of 5.1%, and a case fatality rate of 88%. Gross pathological examination demonstrated multiorgan hemorrhage, congestion, hyperemia, petechial hemorrhages in the proventriculus, and enlargement of the bursa of Fabricius accompanied by black discoloration. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory cell infiltration dominated by lymphocytes in nearly all organs and by heterophils in several tissues. Laboratory testing of bursal tissue using chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures showed cytopathic effects, indicating IBD virus replication. The hemagglutination (HA) test yielded a titer of 2⁵, and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test confirmed the presence of ND virus. Bacterial cultures from the intestine, liver, and lungs identified Escherichia coli, indicating the occurrence of colisepticemia. It can be concluded that the hen was affected by concurrent IBD and ND virus infections, which were further exacerbated by colisepticemia.
COMPARISON OF LYMPHOCYTE AND MONOCYTE COUNTS IN BALI CATTLE (BOS SONDAICUS) BEFORE AND AFTER FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VACCINATION
Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) are an indigenous Indonesian breed with good resilience to tropical climates, yet they are susceptible to Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Vaccination is carried out to enhance the immune system, which can be observed through changes in lymphocyte and monocyte counts. This study aimed to compare lymphocyte and monocyte counts before and after FMD vaccination. A total of 15 blood samples from healthy Bali cattle were examined before and after FMD vaccination at Disease Investigation Center Denpasar. Hematological examinations were performed manually using Giemsa-stained blood smear preparations for differential leukocyte counts. Data were analysed using a paired t-test. The results showed that the mean lymphocyte count increased significantly from 43,07 ± 10,559% to 63,47 ± 7,745% (p<0.05). Furthermore, the mean monocyte count also showed a significant increase from 3.60 ± 2,354% to 6,07 ± 2,738% (p<0.05). Thus, FMD vaccination in Bali cattle can stimulate the immune response, primarily the humoral immune response through antibody production, supported by the cellular immune response in combating FMD virus infection.
FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA IN KITTENS: CLINICAL DETERIORATION AND PREVENTIVE MANAGEMENT IN A HOUSEHOLD CASE CLUSTER
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) remains one of the most serious infectious diseases in cats, particularly in kittens, because of their immature immune systems and the rapid progression of disease after exposure. This study employed an exploratory qualitative household case study design based on caretaker observation and literature-informed analysis. It describes a household case cluster of feline panleukopenia involving eight kittens and interprets the observed clinical course in relation to veterinary literature on transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Case information was obtained from the household caretaker’s direct observation during routine home care and from veterinary consultation after the kittens developed acute illness. The diagnosis was made by a veterinarian based on clinical examination, visible clinical signs, and the clustered progression of illness in the household setting. The observed course began with sudden weakness and refusal to eat, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, progressive clinical deterioration, and sequential death despite prescribed medication and supportive home care. All eight affected kittens died over the following weeks, resulting in a case fatality rate of 100% in this household cluster. The shared household environment, including common living space, feeding areas, bedding, surfaces, and human handling, represented a plausible setting for repeated indirect exposure and cross-contamination. Literature-informed analysis indicates that FPV is environmentally persistent, spreads efficiently through fecal-oral and fomite transmission, and is most effectively controlled through timely vaccination, parvocidal disinfection, early isolation, and prompt veterinary management. This study highlights that once overt clinical disease develops, treatment is often supportive rather than curative. The findings emphasize the importance of prevention-oriented household management and suggest that reducing FPV-related mortality in kittens depends primarily on integrated biosecurity rather than treatment alone.
CASE STUDY OF PANLEUKOPENIA IN A CAT AT JAKARTA ANIMAL CLINIC
Cats are carnivorous mammals that are susceptible to various infectious diseases, one of which is feline panleukopenia. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection is caused by a member of the Parvoviridae family, a non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus with a single antigenic serotype. This case report aimed to detect FPV infection in a cat using a rapid antigen test and hematological analysis. A male Maine Coon cat named Susu, weighing 5.1 kg, was presented to a veterinary clinic on November 5, 2025, for a routine health examination. According to the owner, the cat had not received deworming treatment for approximately one year. Physical examination revealed a body temperature of 39.3°C and an overall normal clinical condition. No abnormalities were observed in the respiratory system or oral cavity. However, the feces were slightly loose, and tapeworm segments were detected. Further testing using a rapid FPV antigen test yielded a positive result. Despite this finding, the cat did not exhibit the typical clinical signs of feline panleukopenia, such as lethargy, vomiting, or severe diarrhea. This discrepancy may indicate a subclinical infection, an early stage of disease, or a false-positive rapid test result. Therefore, additional diagnostic testing, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Case management consisted of supportive and symptomatic treatment, along with therapy targeting the parasitic infection. Improved hygiene measures and close monitoring were also recommended to minimize the risk of disease progression and transmission.
COMPARISON OF ERYTHROGRAM PROFILES BETWEEN DUTCH WARMBLOOD AND SUMBAWA HORSES AT THE TURANGGA UNIT, SAMAPTA DIRECTORATE, BALI REGIONAL POLICE
This study aimed to compare erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, and erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) between Dutch Warmblood horses and local Sumbawa horses maintained at the Directorate of Samapta, Bali Regional Police. The study involved six male horses aged 12–21 years, consisting of three Dutch Warmblood horses and three Sumbawa horses. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and analyzed using a Rayto RT 7.600 for Vet hematology analyzer. Blood smear examinations with Giemsa staining were also performed to observe erythrocyte morphology microscopically. Data were analyzed descriptively by comparing the results with reference values for equine hematology. The results showed that erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices in both horse breeds were within normal ranges. Dutch Warmblood horses tended to show greater variation in erythrocyte and erythrocyte index values, while Sumbawa horses demonstrated more stable values. Microscopic observations revealed normal biconcave disc- shaped erythrocytes without pathological abnormalities in both breeds. The observed differences in hematological profiles were associated with breed-related physiological adaptations.
MODE OF ACTION OF HERBAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS SAPONINS AND POLYPHENOLS AGAINST EIMERIA SPP. INFECTION IN BROILER CHICKENS: A REVIEW
Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria spp., remains a major parasitic challenge in the global poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses due to impaired performance and high mortality rates in poultry. Although synthetic chemoprophylaxis has long been the standard, escalating drug resistance and market demand for chemical-free residues necessitate the development of sustainable alternative strategies to control these parasites. This review critically evaluates the potential integration of phytogenic bioactive compounds, specifically saponins and polyphenols, as future anticoccidial agents. Saponins are amphiphilic glycosides that selectively bind to cholesterol in the Eimeria spp. cell membrane, inducing cellular lysis and interrupting various stages of the parasite's life cycle. Conversely, polyphenols mediate structural damage to the cell walls of sporozoites, which are the most pathogenic stage of coccidia infection. This study synthesizes data on the synergistic modes of action of these two compounds, where the combination of saponin-based membrane destruction and polyphenol-driven cell wall penetration offers comprehensive intestinal protection. By providing a profound understanding of these molecular mechanisms of action, this review aims to establish a robust scientific foundation for developing environmentally friendly, effective, and applicable herbal-based mitigation strategies for the modern poultry industry.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS IN DOMESTIC CATS: AN UNDEREXPLORED RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH
Companion animals, especially domestic cats, are known to be colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, which produces exotoxins known as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). However, the role of cats as reservoirs of enterotoxin-producing strains and their impact on human health remain insufficiently understood. This study narratively reviewed existing literature to examine the relationship between feline-associated S. aureus and the effects of SEs on human health. Findings indicate that cats can harbor S. aureus in multiple anatomical sites and act as asymptomatic carriers, with some isolates possessing enterotoxin genes such as sea, seb, and sec. Evidence also suggests potential bidirectional transmission between cats and humans, particularly in close-contact environments. The stability and superantigenic properties of SEs contribute to their role in foodborne illness and immune-mediated conditions. However, most studies focus on gene detection rather than active toxin production, and direct evidence linking feline-associated strains to human disease remains limited. These findings highlight a potential zoonotic risk and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to surveillance and prevention.
CASE REPORT UTERINE TORSION IN A GOAT ACCOMPANIED BY DYSTOCIA MANAGED BY FETOTOMY: A CASE REPORT
Uterine torsion is a common form of dystocia in small ruminants, including goats, and can lead to failure of normal parturition. This condition is characterized by uterine twisting, which impedes the fetus's passage through the birth canal. The purpose of this paper is to describe the management of a case of uterine torsion in a goat that resulted in a fetotomy due to the fetus's excessive size. This case began with symptoms of labor difficulty (dystocia) and no labor progress. Examination revealed uterine torsion, which hindered the normal position of the fetus. Corrective measures were taken, but were unsuccessful in restoring the uterus to its optimal position. Furthermore, the excessive size of the fetus (fetal oversize) exacerbated the condition, making it impossible to perform a normal extraction. Therefore, a fetotomy was decided upon as an alternative to save the mother. The procedure was performed carefully to minimize trauma to the mother's reproductive tissues. The final results showed that the fetotomy was effective in managing this case and successfully saved the mother.
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS INFECTION IN CATS AT ARCLINIC PET CARE BOGOR
Cat ownership in Indonesia has continued to increase over recent years, leading to greater awareness of pet health and veterinary care. One of the most common infectious diseases affecting cats is feline panleukopenia, caused by the Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV). FPV is a highly contagious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in kittens and young cats. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FPV infection and identify associated risk factors among cats examined at ArClinic Pet Care, Bogor, between January and September 2025. Medical records from this period identified 44 cats confirmed positive for FPV based on clinical examination, rapid antigen testing, and hematological analysis. The prevalence of FPV infection was 2.21%, indicating a relatively low occurrence during the study period. Chi-square analysis revealed that season (p < 0.05), age (p < 0.05), breed (p < 0.05), and vaccination status (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with FPV infection, whereas sex showed no significant association (p > 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of vaccination as the primary preventive measure against FPV and underscore the need for enhanced preventive efforts targeting young cats and domestic breeds, particularly during the rainy season when the risk of viral transmission is higher.
THE EFFECT OF VARYING PROPYLENE GLYCOL CONCENTRATIONS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI LEAF EXTRACT CREAM FORMULATION
Creams are one of the most widely used topical formulations for the treatment of acne because they are easy to apply, comfortable to use, and easy to wash off. Averrhoa bilimbi leaves are known to contain flavonoids and tannins that have potential as antibacterial agents against acne-causing bacteria; however, natural-based formulations generally have poor physical stability. This study aims to determine the effect of varying propylene glycol concentrations on the physical and chemical stability of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract cream formulations and to identify the most optimal propylene glycol concentration. This study is an experimental study using three formulations with varying propylene glycol concentrations, namely 8%, 10%, and 12%. Physical properties were evaluated through organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and stability testing using the freeze-thaw cycling test method for 3 cycles or 6 days. The results showed that all formulations met the requirements for organoleptic testing, homogeneity, and pH. However, only formulation 3 with a 12% propylene glycol concentration met all physical evaluation parameters, including spreadability and adhesion. Formula 3 showed a spreadability value of 5.49 cm before the stability test and 6.10 cm after the stability test, as well as an adhesion value of 4.61 seconds before the stability test and 4.35 seconds after the stability test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that variations in propylene glycol concentration affect the physical stability of the Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract cream formulation, and a 12% propylene glycol concentration is the most optimal formula.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MONTANIDE ADJUVANTS ON TOTAL ERYTHROCYTE COUNTS IN PIGLETS VACCINATED WITH A LOCAL STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS STRAIN
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen in pigs that causes substantial economic losses and public health concerns. Vaccination using local bacterial strains is considered a promising approach to improve antigenic compatibility and protective immune responses. However, information regarding the effects of different vaccine adjuvants on total erythrocyte counts remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate total erythrocyte counts in piglets vaccinated with an inactivated local S. suis strain formulated with different Montanide™ adjuvants. A total of 12 eight-week-old male Landrace piglets were randomly divided into three groups: control (sterile 0.9% physiological saline), vaccine with Montanide™ ISA 201 VG, and vaccine with Montanide™ Gel 01. Vaccination was administered intramuscularly twice at a 28-day interval. Clinical observations, body weight measurements, and blood sampling were performed weekly for nine weeks. Total erythrocyte counts were analyzed using a VetScan HM5 hematology analyzer, and data were evaluated using repeated measures ANOVA. No significant differences in total erythrocyte counts were observed among treatment groups (p > 0.05). However, observation time significantly affected erythrocyte counts (p < 0.05), with temporary increases occurring during weeks 3 to 5. Overall erythrocyte values remained within normal physiological ranges. In conclusion, inactivated S. suis vaccines formulated with Montanide™ ISA 201 VG and Montanide™ Gel 01 did not significantly affect total erythrocyte counts in Landrace piglets and were well tolerated under the conditions of this study.