Buletin Veteriner Udayana

CORRELATION ANALYSIS AND BODY SIZE VARIATION ETAWAH CROSSBREED GOATS IN UMEJERO VILLAGE, BUSUNGBIU DISTRICT, BULELENG REGENCY

Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to map the correlation and variability of body circumference measurements in male and female Etawah Crossbreed (PE) goats with mature body age (8–12 months) in Umejero Village, Busungbiu District, Buleleng Regency. A total of 81 PE goats—44 males and 37 females—were measured. Data collection involved direct measurement of neck circumference, chest circumference, hip circumference, and front canon leg circumference. Data were analyzed using error-bar graphs, correlation tests, and biplot mapping with varimax rotation via SPSS software. The results showed that male goats generally had larger body circumferences than females, although the differences were not statistically significant. A positive correlation was found among neck, chest, and hip circumferences, while the front canon leg circumference showed no significant correlation with the other variables. The greatest variation was observed in the front canon leg circumference (vector norm 0.9871), whereas the neck circumference showed the least variation (vector norm 0.6033), indicating higher uniformity. The biplot mapping successfully classified individuals into four quadrants based on morphological similarities, with Quadrant I representing goats with optimal body dimensions. These findings serve as a useful reference for selecting productive and proportional PE goats, supporting breeding and livestock management strategies in local farming systems.

THE EFFECT OF MILKING TIME ON THE PRODUCTION OF ETAWA GOAT MILK AT RAKA ETAWA FARM, SINGAPADU, SUKAWATI SUB DISTRICT, GIANYAR REGENCY

Talitha Ad Hajina Br. Sitepu, I Made Sukada, Wayan Bebas — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Crossbred etawah goats are one of the ruminant livestock breeds with great potential as milk producers with high nutritional value. One of the important factors that can influence milk productivity is milking time. This study aims to determine the effect of milking time on the milk yield of crossbred etawah goats. This research employed a quantitative method with an experimental approach. The sample consisted of 15 crossbred etawah goats milked twice daily for seven consecutive days. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed a significant effect of milking time on milk production. Morning milking produced a higher volume of milk compared to afternoon milking with a sig value of 0.001. This is presumably due to a longer rest period at night and cooler environmental conditions in the morning. Hormonal factors, such as the hormone prolactin which influences the lactation process, also tend to be more active in the morning, which can increase milk production. It can be concluded that milking time affects the milk yield of crossbred etawah goats with morning milking being more effective in increasing production. Milking time is an important aspect in the lactation management of dairy goats. It is recommended that farmers optimize morning milking schedules to achieve maximum milk yield.

PREVALENCE OF BALANTIDIUM SP. INFECTION IN SWAMP BUFFALOES USED IN THE MAKEPUNG TRADITION IN JEMBRANA REGENCY, BALI

Akilah Balkis, I Made Dwinata, Ida Bagus Made Oka — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Buffaloes play an essential role in society, both as a food source and in socio-cultural aspects. One tradition involving buffaloes is Makepung in Jembrana Regency, Bali, which requires the buffaloes to be in optimal health. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections, such as Balantidium sp., can affect buffalo health and pose zoonotic risks. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Balantidium sp. infection in Makepung buffaloes and analyze the factors associated with its prevalence, including age, management practices, and geographical region. This research employs an observational method with a cross-sectional study design. A total of 120 male Makepung buffaloes from three districts in Jembrana Regency Melaya, Negara, and Mendoyo were selected using purposive sampling. Fecal samples were collected and examined using a modified sedimentation method to detect Balantidium sp. presence. Data were analyzed descriptively, and relationships between variables were tested using the Chi-square test. The results showed that the prevalence of Balantidium sp. infection in Makepung buffaloes was 45.8%. Geographical region and feed source significantly influenced infection prevalence (P<0.05), whereas age and management factors, such as housing system, and cleanliness, did not show significant effects (P>0,05). Makepung buffalo farmers are advised to improve sanitation, improve drainage, separate the enclosures, and use antiprotozoal drugs under the supervision of a veterinarian to prevent Balantidium sp. infections and resistance.

EFFECTS OF CAULERPA LENTILLIFERA SIMPLISIA ADMINISTRATION ON GASTRIC AND SMALL INTESTINAL HISTOPATHOLOGY IN WHITE RATS POST PARACETAMOL INDUCTION

Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Caulerpa lentillifera is known as sea grapes macroalgae or sea grapes which have benefits as antioxidants. Paracetamol is a drug that is sold freely and many people abuse it. Abuse of paracetamol can cause negative impacts on various organs, one of which is the stomach and small intestine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of administering Caulerpa lentillifera on the histopathology of the gastric and small intestine of white mice given paracetamol in high doses. This study used a completely randomized design method. A sample of 25 male white mice was divided into 5 treatment groups, namely negative control (P0) or no treatment, positive control (P1) was only given paracetamol 250 mg/kgBB, P2 was given paracetamol 250 mg/kgBB and sea grapes 10 g/kgBB, P3 was given paracetamol 250 mg/kgBB and sea grapes 15 g/kgBB, and P4 was given paracetamol 250 mg/kgBB and sea grapes 20 g/kgBB. Treatment was given for 14 days, then necropsied. Samples of gastric and small intestine tissue were made into histopathology preparations using hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. The variables examined in the gastric were gastric mucosal damage. While the variables examined in the small intestine included bleeding lesions and necrosis. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis Test followed by the Mann-Whitney test and described descriptively. The results showed that in gastric mucosal damage, small intestine necrosis, and small intestine bleeding showed that there was a difference (P<0.05) between groups. There was a process of improvement in the histopathology of the gastric and small intestine of white rats given Caulerpa lentillifera in gastric mucosal damage, small intestine necrosis, and small intestine bleeding. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that sea grapes with doses of 15 g/kgBB and 20 g/kgBB can minimize gastric mucosal damage. While a dose of 20 g/kgBB can minimize small intestine damage in necrosis and hemorrhage lesions

PERCENTAGE OF EDIBILITY OF GOAT LUNGS BASED ON POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION DURING EID AL-ADHA 2024 IN JIMBARAN

Muhammad Shaffan Fisabilillah, I Made Sukada, Luh Gde Sri Surya Heryani — Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Carcasses and offal are a livestock slaughter product with high economic value, including lungs, which are widely consumed in Indonesia, especially during Eid al-Adha. However, since the lungs play a role in the animal’s respiratory system, this organ is susceptible to various diseases, such as tuberculosis and anthrax, which have zoonotic potential. Therefore, this study aims to determine the percentage of carcass feasibility (lungs) of sacrificial goats distributed to the community during Eid al-Adha 2024 in Jimbaran based on the final decision of the postmortem examination. This study was conducted through postmortem examinations on goat lung organs, assessing shape, color, consistency, and odor. The examinations were carried out at seven slaughter locations in Jimbaran, with a total of 25 lung samples. The results showed 15 out of 25 samples were suitable for human consumption, 1 out of 25 samples was rejected for human consumption, 6 out of 25 samples were suitable for consumption after removing the unfit parts, and 3 out of 25 samples were suitable for human consumption after undergoing special treatment in the form of heating. Based on this study, it can be concluded that goat lungs from sacrificial animals during Eid al-Adha 2024 in Jimbaran were mostly suitable for human consumption, with a percentage of 60%, 24% suitable for consumption after removing the unfit parts, 12% suitable for consumption after undergoing special heating treatment, and only 4% rejected for human consumption. It is recommended to strengthen both antemortem and postmortem inspections, particularly focusing on internal organs such as the lungs, to detect early signs of disease. This approach is expected to minimize the distribution of organs that are unfit for consumption and increase the percentage of goat lungs that meet the standards of safe, healthy, wholesome, and halal.

ERYTHROCYTE PROFILE OF GOLDFISH FROM SELLER IN DENPASAR, BALI

Giovanni Owen Girsang, Sri Kayati Widyastuti, I Made Sukada — Thu, 08 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Goldfish (Carassius spp.) is one of the most popular ornamental freshwater fish in Indonesia, originating from China and domesticated since 1860 with various color variants and unique body shapes resulting from selective breeding. This study aimed to analyze the erythrocyte profile of goldfish sold in Denpasar, Bali, as a baseline for health status assessment and early disease detection. This observational descriptive study examined blood samples from 10 healthy goldfish (5 males and 5 females) with lengths of 7-10 cm. Blood collection was performed at the Animal Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, using 1 ml syringes with 26G needles following anesthesia with Koi Anesthesia®. Complete blood count analysis was conducted using an Auto Hematology Analyzer Rayto RT-7600 for Vet, while blood smears were prepared using Diff-Quik staining for morphological examination. The results showed mean hemoglobin (Hb) values of 3.25 g/dL (range: 1.9-6.4 g/dL), mean hematocrit (Hct) of 4.55% (range: 0-9.1%), and mean erythrocyte count (RBC) of 0.15 × 10⁶/μL (range: 0.01-0.88 × 10⁶/μL). Erythrocyte indices revealed mean MCV of 96.85 fL (range: 81.3-112.4 fL), mean MCH of 88.35 pg (range: 52.6-124.1 pg), and mean MCHC of 80.1 g/dL (range: 48.3-151.4 g/dL). It can be concluded that the erythrocyte profile of goldfish in Denpasar shows considerable individual variation, which may reflect differences in genetic factors, environmental conditions, or handling practices during the study. It is recommended to improve blood collection techniques to minimize cell damage and contamination, potentially through additional training with experienced practitioners and protocol refinement to ensure more valid results that accurately reflect the physiological condition of goldfish.

HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF BALI DUCKS SKIN IN GROWER PHASE

Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The skin is the largest and outermost organ that can be directly observed. The skin plays a crucial role for bali ducks as a protective barrier against the environment, maintaining body temperature, retaining body fluids, and neurosensory functions. This study aims to determine the structure of the bali duck skin (Anas sp.) during the grower phase. This study used ten bali ducks aged 3 months. The histological structure was observed using a binocular light microscope. The histological structure was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The structure of bali duck skin consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis has three layers: stratum corneum, stratum intermedium, and stratum basale. The dermis has two layers: stratum compactum and stratum laxum. The tissues found in the bali duck skin include feather follicles, blood vessels, Herbst corpuscles, connective tissue, and musculus erector pili. Based on the research conducted, no differences in the histological structure of the skin were found across the three regions. Further research is needed on the skin structure of Bali ducks at different phases and sexes to obtain more comprehensive data, and specific histological studies are required to identify the skin histology of Bali ducks in greater detail.

DESCRIPTION OF BIOSECURITY IMPLEMENTATION ON PIG FARMS IN KERTA VILLAGE, PAYANGAN SUB-DISTRICT, GIANYAR DISTRICT

Ki Komang Desi Anggelia, I Wayan Masa Tenaya, Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The threat of diseases that can hamper farm production follows the increasing demand for pig products in the global market. The purpose of this study was to determine how biosecurity is implemented on pig farms in Kerta Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency. In this study, a descriptive observational method was used, and data were collected through questionnaire-based interviews with 33 local pig farmers and the results were analyzed descriptively qualitatively using a Guttman scale. This study aims to be able to provide an overview of the l implementation of biosecurity implementation on farms. The picture of biosecurity implementation on pig farms in Kerta Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency, especially in the fattening phase of pigs shows poor implementation. The implementation of biosecurity should be done well on pig farms because it is very important to prevent the spread of disease and maintain animal health.

SECONDARY ANTIBODY TITER RESPONSE IN PIGS FOLLOWING STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS VACCINATION WITH VARIOUS ADJUVANTS: DETECTION USING SUPERNATANT ANTIGEN-BASED ELISA

Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Streptococcus suis is a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe disease in pigs and poses a zoonotic risk to humans. Vaccination is one of the primary preventive strategies, and its effectiveness can be enhanced through the use of appropriate adjuvants. This study aimed to evaluate the secondary humoral immune response in pigs vaccinated with a locally derived S. suis vaccine formulated with two different adjuvants: Montanide ISA 201 VG and Montanide Gel-01. In addition, the study observed the dynamics of antibody titters over time post-vaccination. Twelve pigs were divided into three treatment groups: a control group (unvaccinated), a group vaccinated with Montanide ISA 201 VG, and a group vaccinated with Montanide Gel-01. Blood samples were collected weekly for five weeks following the booster vaccination, and antibody titers were measured using ELISA based on culture supernatant antigens. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and linear regression. The results showed that both adjuvants significantly increased antibody titers compared to the control (p < 0.05), with Montanide Gel-01 producing the highest titer (0.718 ± 0.0397), followed by ISA 201 VG (0.703 ± 0.0320), and the control group (0.459 ± 0.0419). Furthermore, the timing of serum collection significantly influenced antibody titer levels (p < 0.005). This study concludes that the use of Montanide adjuvants, particularly Gel-01, is effective in enhancing the humoral immune response to S. suis vaccination. Further research is recommended to evaluate the effects of increasing antigen concentration for achieving a more robust immune response.

NORMAL INTESTINAL FLORA OF LONG-TAILED MACAQUES IN MONKEY FOREST, UBUD, BALI

Imam Rahman, I Gede Soma, I Gusti Ketut Suarjana — Sat, 10 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a primate commonly found in Indonesia, including in the Monkey Forest Ubud, Bali. This primate has a high adaptability to its environment, including dietary patterns influenced by interactions with humans. The normal gut flora refers to organisms that live in the gastrointestinal system of the long-tailed macaque. This study aims to identify the normal bacteria present in the intestines of long-tailed macaques in the Monkey Forest Ubud. The method used was an observational cross-sectional study. Samples were collected by rectal swabbing using sterile cotton swabs, with a total of 15 samples. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using Sheep Blood Agar, Nutrient Agar, and MacConkey Agar media. Bacterial identification included primary tests and biochemical tests such as Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer, and Simmons Citrate Agar. The results of the study revealed three types of bacteria identified: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Further identification using molecular methods is necessary to determine the bacterial species more specifically. Additionally, further research could be conducted to explore the presence of other bacteria that may inhabit the intestines of the long-tailed macaque.

CORRELATION AND DIVERSITY OF SIZE OF MOVEMENT TOOLS AND BODY HEIGHT OF ETAWA CROSSBREED GOATS IN UMEJERO VILLAGE, BUSUNGBIU DISTRICT, BULELENG, BALI

Muh Adnan Ghafur Hamzah, I Putu Sampurna, Wayan Bebas — Sat, 10 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Etawa crossbred goats are goats that are the result of crossbreeding between Kacang goats and Etawa goats. This study aims to determine the correlation and diversity of locomotor size and body height of Etawa crossbred goats (PE) in Umejero Village, Busungbiu District, Buleleng, Bali. A total of 81 PE goats consisting of 44 male PE goats and 37 female PE goats were used in this study. The variables observed were the length of the upper front leg, the length of the middle front leg, the length of the lower front leg, the length of the upper hind leg, the length of the middle hind leg, the length of the lower hind leg, shoulder height, and hip height. The data obtained were analyzed using biplot analysis. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between hip height and the length of the upper, middle, and lower hind legs. Shoulder height was also positively correlated with the length of the upper, middle, and lower front legs. There was no significant difference in diversity (P>0.05) between the size of the locomotor and the height of PE goats. PE goats in quadrant I on the biplot graph have above average body size and have the potential to be used as seeds or fattened. PE goats in quadrant III have below average body size and are not good for use as seeds or fattened. Shoulder height and hip height are the most important variables to measure in the selection of PE goats in Umejero village. It is recommended to select breeding stock with a minimum standard of 70.6 cm shoulder height and 84.2 cm hip height in order to obtain livestock with above average growth performance.

DETECTION OF ALBENDAZOLE RESISTANCE AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN BALI CATTLE IN BALI

Tesalonika Ekaputri, I Wayan Sudira, I Made Dwinata — Sat, 10 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Gastrointestinal nematode infection is a common disease affecting Bali cattle, leading to health issues and reduced productivity. The control of this disease using Albendazole can reduce nematode egg counts; however, long-term use may result in resistance. This study aims to detect Albendazole resistance against nematode infections in Bali cattle based on Egg Per Gram of Feces (EPG) values and the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). The study employs a one-group pretest-posttest design with 20 Bali cattle aged 6 months to 2 years infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Fecal samples were collected on day 0 (before treatment), day 7, and day 14 after Albendazole administration at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Fecal samples were examined using the Whitlock method, and the data were analyzed using the FECRT and the Wilcoxon test. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in nematode egg counts before and after treatment. The overall FECRT value on day 14 reached 84.1%, indicating that Albendazole is fairly effective but with signs of resistance. The nematode species identified included Trichostrongylus sp, Ostertagia sp, and Cooperia sp, each showing different responses to treatment. Trichostrongylus sp and Ostertagia sp exhibited high sensitivity, with an FECRT value of 100% on day 14, while Cooperia sp reached only 75%, indicating resistance to Albendazole. In conclusion, Albendazole administration in Bali cattle effectively reduces gastrointestinal nematode infections, but its efficacy varies depending on the nematode species, with the highest resistance indication observed in Cooperia sp. Treatment of nematode infections in Bali cattle with Albendazole should be accompanied by anthelmintic rotation to prevent resistance, along with improved barn hygiene and feed management to reduce the risk of reinfection.

THE BENEFIT OF ADMINISTERING SEA GRAPE SIMPLICIA ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PICTURES OF WHITE RATS KIDNEYS GIVEN PARACETAMOL

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The use of paracetamol in high doses or over a long period of time can cause nephrotoxicity due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. One of the natural ingredients that has the potential for protective effects against kidney damage is sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera), which are rich in antioxidant compounds. This study aims to evaluate the benefit of administering sea grape simplex on the histopathology of kidneys given paracetamol. This study used white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into five treatment groups, namely the negative control group (P0), the positive control group (P1) which was given 250mg/kgBW of paracetamol, and groups P2, P3, and P4 which were given paracetamol (250 mg/kgBW) with the addition of sea grape simplicia of 10 g/kgBW, 15 g/kgBW, and 20 g/kgBW respectively. After 14 days of treatment, the rat kidneys were taken and analyzed histopathologically using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results of the study showed that group P1 experienced significant renal necrosis and congestion (P < 0.05) compared to P0. The treatment groups (P2, P3, and P4) showed a tendency towards decreased levels of necrosis and congestion, but were not statistically significantly different compared to P1 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, administration of sea grape simplicia at the doses used in this study did not provide a significant protective effect against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity. Further studies with higher doses and longer duration of administration are needed to explore its potential nephroprotective effects.

THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN LONG-TAILED MACAQUES AT THE MONKEY FOREST, UBUD

Nadila Agustina, I Gede Soma, I Gusti Ketut Suarjana — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The long-tailed macaque is a monkey species found in various habitats, including primary and secondary forests. One population of long-tailed macaques in Bali can be found in the Monkey Forest, Ubud, Gianyar Regency. The normal oral flora of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) plays a crucial role in their health and has potential impacts on the environment. Factors such as environment, diet, and age influence the health of long-tailed macaques living in the Monkey Forest, Ubud. This study aims to identify the bacterial present on the oral mucosa of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in the Monkey Forest, Ubud, and to assess their potential pathogenicity. The research design used in this study is observational with a cross-sectional study approach. Samples were collected using cotton swabs from the oral mucosa of long-tailed macaques. The bacterial identification was conducted using two agar media, namely Sheep Blood Agar (SBA) and MacConkey Agar (MCA), followed by biochemical tests. The data obtained in this study were analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that three types of bacteria were found: Streptococcus sp. (53.3%), Fusobacterium sp. (40%), and Staphylococcus sp. (6.67%). Among the three bacteria identified, 46.67% have the potential to be pathogenic, namely Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Further studies are needed using molecular methods to specifically identify the bacterial species.

MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION TEST NUMBER OF YEAST MOLD SIMPLICIA MARIGOLD FLOWERS AS STANDARD RAW MATERIAL FOR HERBAL MEDICINE

Maulia Suciani, I Made Merdana, Samsuri, Nyoman Adi Suratma — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The marigold plant is widely cultivated for medicinal purposes, as an ornamental plant and natural food colouring. Marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) contain secondary metabolites in the form of terpenoids, essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and so on. Looking at its contents and pharmacological benefits, marigold flowers have the potential to be used as simplicia as a raw material for herbal medicine. This research aims to determine the value of Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) test simplicia marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) as a raw material for medicinal preparations based on microbial contamination standards according to the General Standard Parameters of BPOM RI Regulation Number 32 of 2019 concerning Quality Requirements for Traditional Medicines. This research is a type of non-experimental observational research because there is no treatment of the research object with a research design in the form of descriptive-quantitative analysis. The level of microbial contamination is reviewed through the Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) test. The research data obtained was quantitative data which was analyzed by counting the number of microbes that grew on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media after incubation at the appropriate growth temperature. The Total Yeast and Mold Count is 1,4 x 10² CFU/gram. The research results showed that marigold flower simplicia met the microbial contamination requirements for yeast and Mold Count numbers (≤5x10⁵). It can be concluded that the mimosa leaves simplicia sample can be processed into drug preparations. Further research is needed on pathogenic microbial contamination, as well as additional quality standardization tests on marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) simplicia.

CASE STUDY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VELOGENIC STRAIN WITH MULTIORGAN LESSIONS IN VACCINATED BROILER IN SUSUT, BANGLI

Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry with high mortality rates in velogenic strains. This paper present findings about velogenic strain of Newcastle disease in case study. The methods used in examination of animal case are observation, anatomical pathology examination, histopathology examination, TAB cultivation, serological tests, bacterial identification and parasite identification. In this case study, 28-day-old broiler chickens were obtained from a farmer in Demulih Village, Susut, Bangli. The clinical symptoms observed in the affected chickens included weakness, anorexia, difficulty breathing, greenish-white diarrhea, and torticollis. Pathological anatomical examination revealed congestion in the brain, hemorrhages in the trachea, lungs, heart, and intestines, as well as petechiae in the proventriculus. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory changes were dominated marked by mononuclear cell infiltration in the brain, trachea, lung, heart, proventriculus and intestine. Result of TAB cultivation continued with using HA test showed that virus can agglutination erythrocytes with titer 2¹⁰HA Unit. ND virus was confirmed by HI test. Based on this case study, it was concluded that the chickens were infected with ND.

THE EFFECT OF NATURAL GUARD IN DRINKING WATER ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE ANTIBODY TITER IN LAYING HENS

Misfah Maulidiyah, Ida Bagus Komang Ardana, Ida Bagus Kade Suardana — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Natural Guard is a combination of pine oil, lavender oil and eucalyptus oil which can be used as an immunomodulator. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Natural Guard administration through drinking water on the antibody titer against Newcastle Disease (ND) virus. This study used 24 Hy-line Brown laying hens randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Natural Guard was mixed into the drinking water at different concentrations: 0 ml/L (control), 0.1 ml/L (P1), 0.2 ml/L (P2), and 0.3 ml/L (P3), and administered for 30 days. ND antibody titers were measured using the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that administration of Natural Guard at doses of 0.1 ml/L, 0.2 ml/L, and 0.3 ml/L did not significantly (P > 0.05) increase ND virus antibody titers in laying hens.

THE IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL OF BIOSECURITY IN LAYER CHICKEN FARMING IN SENGANAN VILLAGE, TABANAN BALI

I Ketut Bayu Suputra, I Made Sukada, I Nengah Wandia, Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Biosecurity is a crucial aspect of layer poultry farming to prevent the spread of diseases that can cause economic losses. This study aims to evaluate the level of biosecurity implementation in layer poultry farms in Senganan Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency. The research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional approach, collecting data through direct interviews with 24 farmers using a questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the application of biosecurity on laying hen farms in Senganan Village was categorized as lacking for the isolation aspect (36.66%), good for the traffic control aspect (60%), and sufficient for the sanitation aspect (50.83%). Farmers' awareness of the importance of biosecurity is relatively high (75.83%); however, its application remains suboptimal, particularly in isolating newly arrived and sick chickens. These findings highlight the need to strengthen education and technical guidance for farmers, particularly in the application of isolation and sanitation practices, to improve disease control efficiency and ensure the sustainability of layer poultry farming operations.

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION IN PIGLETS ON PIG BREEDING FARMS IN GIANYAR DISTRICT

I Komang Pridayasa, I Wayan Gorda, Nyoman Adi Suratma, I Putu Cahyadi Putra — Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nematodiosis in piglets can inhibit nutrient absorption, leading to decreased growth performance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infections in piglets during the suckling and weaning phases at pig breeding farms in Gianyar Regency. This was a cross-sectional study with a purposive sampling method. A total of 216 fecal samples from suckling and weaning phase piglets from seven subdistricts in Gianyar Regency were used in the study. Fecal samples were examined using the flotation concentration method with saturated salt (NaCl) to identify nematode worm eggs. Prevalence data were described descriptively, while the Chi-square test was used to determine differences in nematode infection of suckling and weaning phase piglets. The results showed that the prevalence of nematodes was 41.66% (90/216), consisting of Strongyl type (33.33%), Ascaris suum (14.81%), Trichuris suis (6.48%), and Strongyloides ransomi (1.38%). The prevalence of nematode infection in weaning pigs (49.61%, 64/129) was higher (p<0.05) than that in the suckling pigs (29.88%, 26/87). Nematode co-infection in piglets was also observed in this study. The prevalence of nematode infection in piglets is notably high, particularly during the weaning phase of life. Consequently, it is advisable to implement nematode eradication strategies before weaning and to repeat these measures post-weaning.

ADDITION OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SUGARCANE WATER TO EGG YOLK PHOSPHATE DILUENT ON THE QUALITY OF CEMANI CHICKEN SPERMATOZOA STORED FOR 48 HOURS

Ni Wayan Ayu Sri Sedani, Wayan Bebas, I Wayan Sukernayasa — Tue, 13 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Semen diluent is a solution that serves to maintain the quality of spermatozoa during storage and facilitate artificial insemination. The use of natural-based diluents is still rare, so it is necessary to develop diluents that utilize available natural resources. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding various concentrations of sugarcane water in egg yolk phosphate diluent on the quality of Cemani chicken semen stored for 48 hours at 5°C. This study used three cemani chickens with an age range of approximately seven months, in a healthy condition, and trained to collect sperm. The process of collecting chicken semen is done by massage method. This study used a completely randomized design with six treatments, namely the addition of sugarcane water as much as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Semen was stored for 48 hours at 5˚C. Parameters observed were motility, viability, and abnormality of spermatozoa. Each treatment was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test, followed by Ducan test if there were significant differences. The results showed that 20% egg yolk phosphate diluent with various concentrations of water had a significant effect (P<0.05) on motility, viability, and abnormality of cemani chicken semen. After the Ducan test, treatment T3 (phosphate buffer + 20% egg yolk + 15% cane water) produced the best semen quality, when compared to T0, T1, T2, T4, and T5, with a motility percentage of 62.50 ± 2.08%, viability 70.75 ± 2.75%, and abnormality 8.25 ± 0.96%. So, it can be concluded that the diluent formula that has the best results on the quality of spermatozoa stored for 48 hours is the treatment in phosphate buffer 20% egg yolk + 15% sugarcane water.

EFFECT OF STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS VACCINES WITH DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS ON PRIMARY ANTIBODY TITERS IN MICE DETECTED BY ELISA TEST USING SUPERNATAN ANTIGENS

Sat, 17 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes infection in pigs and has the potential to be transmitted to humans. One of the effective strategies in the prevention of this infection is vaccination, where adjuvant selection plays an important role in enhancing the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different adjuvants in S. suis vaccine on primary antibody titers in mice, measured using ELISA assay with supernatant antigen. This study used a factorial complete randomized design with two factors, namely adjuvant type and observation time. Serum samples were collected weekly for four weeks for antibody titer analysis. The results showed that the vaccine with Montanide ISA 201 VG adjuvant produced significantly higher antibody titers compared to the vaccine using Montanide Gel 01 adjuvant and the control group (P < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that Montanide ISA 201 VG adjuvant is more effective in enhancing primary immune responses than Montanide Gel 01, so it has the potential to be used in the development of a more optimal S. suis vaccine.

HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LYMPHOCYTES, MONOCYTES IN DOGS WITH DERMATITIS PRE AND POST THERAPY

Sun, 18 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A study was conducted to analyse the histological structure of lymphocytes and monocytes in dogs with dermatitis before and after therapy. Dermatitis is skin inflammation that can be caused by bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental factors. This study used 20 dogs with dermatitis that were given a combination of antiparasitic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antihistamine therapy. Blood samples were taken before and after therapy to be analysed using Morphology of Edge Blood (MDT) staining to observe changes in the histological structure of lymphocyte and monocyte cells. The results showed: before therapy, lymphocytes and monocytes experienced more necrosis (P<0.05) histological structure changes such as pycnosis, karyorexis, and karyolysis. After therapy, there was a decrease in the number of cells that experienced necrosis in lymphocytes, from 8.45 ± 2.08% to 6.85 ± 1.75%. Whereas in monocytes, there was a decrease in the number (P<0.05) of necrotised cells at post- therapy, from 27.5±19.4% to 13.5±10.3%. The conclusion of this study is that the histological structure of lymphocytes and monocytes that experience necrosis is less than cells that do not necrose. The histological structure of the cells showed a lot more normal. The combination therapy used proved effective in improving the structure of lymphocytes and monocytes.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A MALE CROSSBREED DOG

Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Squamous cell carcinoma is a non-melanoma malignant tumor originating from suprabasal epidermal keratinocyte cells. This tumor often occurs in elderly dogs in tropical countries due to ultraviolet radiation, viral infections, trauma, and immune status. The purpose of this article is to find out how to diagnose and treat squamous cell carcinoma cases in dogs. The case animal is a mixed breed dog, male, 10 years old, and weighs 21 kg. Clinical signs showed a lump with a solid consistency in the lateral left abdomen since 2 years. Based on the results of histopathological examination, the case dog was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma with a dubious prognosis. Treatment was carried out through surgical excision of tumor tissue, using general anesthesia with a combination of xylazine and ketamine with a total dose of xylazine 1.9 mg/kg BW and ketamine 9.5 mg/kg BW intravenously. Postoperatively, the dog was given cefotaxime antibiotic at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW intravenously (q12h) for 3 days and continued with oral cefixime antibiotic at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW (q12h) for 6 days. The dog was also given oral analgesic mefenamic acid at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW (q12h) for the first 3 days and continued with oral anti-inflammatory methylprednisolone at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg BW (q12h) for 6 days due to inflammation. On the 12th day, the surgical wound had healed as indicated by the skin had fused, was not swollen, the wound was dry, and the dog was actively moving. Further studies are needed on squamous cell carcinoma in dogs, and consideration should also be given to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy to obtain better results.

MANAGEMENT OF TOXOCARIASIS IN A DOMESTIC FEMALE CAT

Karolina Virgin Dwi Setyawati, Sri Kayati Widyastuti, Putu Devi Jayanti — Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Toxocariasis is one of the common parasitic disease affecting cats, especially in environments with poor hygiene standards. Cats can become infected by ingesting infective eggs through food and water. This paper aims to report the successful diagnosis and treatment of toxocariasis in a cat. A three-year-old female domestic cat named Pusicat, weighing 1.95 kg, experienced diarrhea lasting more than two months, with feces appearing dark brown to black. Physical examination revealed diarrhea accompanied by reddened, swollen, and sensitive anal mucosa upon palpation. Additionally, during a temperature check, the cat defecated, and the feces contained traces of blood. Laboratory tests included fecal examination using the native method, which detected Toxocara sp. eggs, and routine hematology testing, which indicated leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting diagnostic tests, the cat was diagnosed with toxocariasis. The prescribed treatment included the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once and repeated 14 days later; the probiotic Lacto-B (½ sachet); and kaolin-pectin at a dose of 2 ml/kg, administered orally every 12 hours. Additionally, the cat’s diet was changed to gastrointestinal wet food. A follow-up evaluation two weeks after treatment showed that the cat no longer had diarrhea, with feces of normal consistency. The anal mucosa appeared normal, pink in color, and no longer swollen. It is concluded that therapy using pyrantel pamoate, probiotics, and antibiotics, along with improved diet and sanitation, successfully accelerated the clinical recovery of the cat within two weeks. It is recommended to administer deworming medication regularly, maintain a clean environment, provide high-quality feed, and ensure access to boiled drinking water to prevent reinfection.

MONOAMINE OXIDASE-A ENZYME ON KINTAMANI DOGS IN BALI, INDONESIA

Siswanto, Nyoman Sadra dharmawan, I Ketut Puja, I Gusti Agung Arta Putra — Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The enzyme monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) is a compound that can break down serotonin. So if the level of monoamine oxidase-A in the blood is high, the level of serotonin in the blood will be low. It is known that the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A affects dog aggression. How exactly is the picture of monoamine oxidase-A in the blood of pet dogs has not been widely revealed. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of monoamine oxidase-A in Kintamani pet dogs. Kintamani dogs are a native Indonesian dog breed found in Kintamani Village, Bali Province, Indonesia. The study used forty dogs, 15 male dogs and 15 female dogs and 10 lactating dogs. The method used in this study was the observation and cross-sectional sampling method and monoamine oxidase-A levels were determined using the elisa technique. The results showed that the average levels of monoamine oxidase-A in male Kintamani dogs (ng/ml) were 3.54 ± 1.9, females 4.85 ± 1.7 and lactating dogs 3.15 ± 2.23. The conclusion that monoamine oxidase-A level depending sex and lactating. The levels of monoamine oxidase in male dogs are lower than in female and lactating dogs. It is recommended to conduct research on the levels of monoamine oxidase A in Kintamani dogs that behave aggressively.

LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMMUNITY IN BANJAR PANDE AND BANJAR PASEKAN TOWARDS THE ROLE OF WOLBACHIA MOSQUITOES AS A STRATEGY TO CONTROL DENGUE FEVER

Wed, 28 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wolbachia is a naturally occurring bacterium found in various insects, such as fruit flies, butterflies, and moths. It has been utilized as an innovative strategy to control the spread of dengue fever by releasing Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study aimed to assess the public’s understanding of the benefits of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes as a dengue control measure. Data were collected through questionnaire-based interviews with residents of Banjar Pande and Banjar Pasekan in Kaba-Kaba Village, Kediri District, Tabanan Regency. Pre-test results revealed that the level of knowledge among Banjar Pande residents was 50%, attitude 45%, and behavior 66%. Meanwhile, in Banjar Pasekan, pre-test scores for knowledge, attitude, and behavior were 47%, 47%, and 60%, respectively. These findings indicate that, prior to educational interventions, community awareness, attitudes, and behavior regarding Wolbachia mosquitoes as a dengue control strategy were at a moderate level. Post-test results demonstrated significant improvements, with the community exhibiting deeper knowledge, increased concern, and greater acceptance of Wolbachia technology. This study concludes that targeted education effectively enhances public awareness and support for Wolbachia as a sustainable dengue prevention approach.

QUALITY OF BOAR SEMEN EXTENDED IN PALM WATER-EGG YOLK DILUENT SUPPLEMENTED WITH A. DORSATA AND TRIGONA SP. HONEY

Wed, 28 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

One of the factors that determine the success of artificial insemination in pig livestock is the quality of the semen used. The use of fresh semen without going through the dilution process will result in a decrease in the quality of spermatozoa. This study aims to determine the quality of Landrace pig semen in egg yolk palm water dilution with the addition of Apis dorsata and Trigona Sp. bee honey with a concentration of 3% each. This study used a complete random design pattern with five treatment groups, namely Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) diluent as a control (P0), palm fruit water diluent (P1), egg yolk palm water diluent (P2), egg yolk palm water diluent plus A. dorsata honey (P3) and egg yolk palm water diluent plus Trigona Sp. honey (P4). The diluted cement is stored at 15⁰C for 48 hours. The observed semen quality parameters are motility, abnormality, viability, intact plasma membrane and intact acrosome membrane. The results showed that the water semen dilution of egg yolk palm fruit with the addition of A. dorsata honey with a concentration of 3% resulted in the highest motility, viability, intact plasma membrane and intact acrosome membrane and the lowest spermatozoa abnormalities when compared to Trigona Sp. honey and other treatments. It can be concluded that the egg yolk palm fruit water dilutor with the addition of A. dorsata honey with a concentration of 3% is able to maintain the quality of Landrace pig spermatozoa stored at 15⁰C for 48 hours. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the fertility and litter size of Landrace pigs that are inseminating with egg yolk palm fruit water diluent with the addition of A. dorsata honey with a concentration of 3%.

MANAGEMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIA IN A DOMESTIC CAT

Sri Wahyudi, I Gusti Agung Gde Putra Pemayun, Anak Agung Gde Jayawardhita — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Inguinal hernia is the protrusion of an organ, part of an organ, fat, or tissue through the inguinal ring, located between the groin and abdominal muscles. This case study aims to understand the diagnostic methods and management of inguinal hernia in a domestic cat. A three-month-old male domestic cat weighing 1 kg presented with a lump in the inguinal area. After clinical and radiographic examinations, the cat was diagnosed with an inguinal hernia with a favorable prognosis. Treatment was performed surgically using the herniorrhaphy technique to reposition the herniated contents into the abdominal cavity. Before surgery, the cat was given premedication with atropine (V-tropine® 0.02 mg/kg BW SC), followed by anesthesia using a combination of xylazine (xylazine® 1 mg/kg BW) and ketamine (ketamine® 11 mg/kg BW) intravenously. The surgical procedure involved repositioning the herniated contents and modifying the hernia ring to allow tissue adhesion. Layered suturing was performed using polyglycolic acid 3.0 for the peritoneum (simple interrupted pattern), catgut 3.0 for the subcutaneous layer (simple continuous pattern), and silk 2.0 for the skin (simple interrupted pattern). Postoperatively, the cat was administered cefotaxime (cefotaxime® 20 mg/kg BW q12h IM) for three days and tolfenamic acid (tolfedine® 4 mg/kg BW q24h IM) for four days, followed by cefixime (cefixime® 10 mg/kg BW q12h PO). On the eighth day, the cat was declared fully recovered with stable clinical conditions, good appetite, and normal urination and defecation. Surgical intervention using the herniorrhaphy technique proved effective in treating inguinal hernia in domestic cats, ensuring a fast recovery and a high success rate. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications, such as organ strangulation, which can lead to necrosis and systemic infection. Therefore, pet owners need to be more vigilant about the symptoms of inguinal hernia and promptly take their pets to a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment

IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM PIG TONSILS BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL TEST

Yan Agus Dharma Nataswara, I Wayan Suardana, I Gusti Ayu Agung Suartini — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Gram-negative bacteria are microorganisms characterized by significant pathogenic potential and are implicated in a wide range of infections affecting both humans and animals. The tonsils, as lymphoid organs integral to the immune system, can act as niches for bacterial colonization due to their conducive microenvironment for microbial growth. This study aimed to identify Gram-negative bacterial species isolated from porcine tonsils through morphological characterization, oxidase testing, and biochemical profiling using the Methyl Red–Voges-Proskauer (MR-VP) tests, as well as to determine the proportional distribution of the identified bacterial taxa. A total of ten presumptive Gram-negative bacterial isolates, preserved in 30% glycerol, were examined at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The isolates underwent Gram staining, oxidase assay, and MR-VP biochemical testing. The results revealed that seven of the ten isolates (70%) were identified as Pseudomonas spp., while the remaining three isolates (30%) belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae. All isolates tested positive for the MR test, whereas eight isolates were positive and two negative in the VP test. These findings suggest that porcine tonsils may serve as reservoirs for Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas spp. and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which may possess zoonotic potential and thus warrant further surveillance and risk assessment.

HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LYMPHOCYTES, MONOCYTES AND HEMOGLOBIN ONCENTRATIONS IN DOGS WITH MILD AND SEVERE DERMATITIS

Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dogs are susceptible to various dermatological disorders, among which dermatitis is commonly observed. This condition may be caused by fungal infections, ectoparasites, bacterial agents, or metabolic disorders. Dermatitis presents with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe, often characterized by widespread skin lesions. The associated inflammatory response may induce alterations in the immune system, particularly affecting agranulocytic leukocytes namely lymphocytes and monocytes or leading to cellular necrosis. Severe dermatitis is frequently accompanied by secondary infections, which may elevate the risk of inflammation-induced anemia and result in changes to hemoglobin (HGB) levels. This study aims to investigate the histological features of necrotic lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as hemoglobin (HGB) levels, in dogs affected by mild and severe dermatitis. Histological examination revealed that necrotic lymphocytes and monocytes exhibited signs of pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis. The number of necrotic lymphocytes in dogs with mild dermatitis (10±4.64) was slightly higher than in those with severe dermatitis (8.65±3.38), although the difference was not statistically significant (P˃0.05). In contrast, the number of necrotic monocytes in mild dermatitis cases (19.3±20.8) was significantly greater than in severe cases (3.35±11.62) (P˂0.05). Hemoglobin levels in dogs with mild dermatitis (10.75±4.23) were marginally lower than those in severe cases (11.23±2.9), with no statistically significant difference (P˃0.05).

DETERMINATION OF NON-SPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC QUALITY PARAMETERS OF MARIGOLD SIMPLICIA AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS

Martina, Samsuri, I Made Merdana, I Wayan Sudira, Putu Devi Jayanti — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) is a type of ornamental plant from the Asteraceae family that has significant potential for cultivation due to its numerous uses. Besides being an ornamental flower, a natural dye, and an attractant for pest predators, marigold contains carotenoids, which can act as antioxidants, relieve mild fever and sore throat, serve as a natural moisturizer, and function as a natural mosquito repellent. Given its various beneficial components and properties, marigold has the potential to be used as a raw material for pharmaceutical preparations. This study aims to determine whether marigold flower simplicia meets the requirements as a raw material for pharmaceutical preparations based on non-specific and specific parameters according to established standards. The non-specific parameters include moisture content and ash content tests, while the specific parameters include organoleptic tests, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content, and yield percentage. This research is an observational non-experimental study with a descriptive-qualitative analysis design. Data collection was carried out by conducting non-specific and specific tests to obtain results for each parameter. The obtained results were as follows: moisture content 4.95%, ash content 4.8%, water-soluble extract content 37.34%, ethanol-soluble extract content 28%, and yield 13.48%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the marigold flower simplicia is suitable and meets the requirements to be used as raw material for medicinal preparations, in accordance with the previously established parameters, namely the Materia Medica Indonesia Volume VI of 1995, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017, and the Regulation of the Head of the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) Number 32 of 2019 concerning the quality requirements for traditional medicines. Further quality standardization tests should be conducted, such as microbial contamination, total aflatoxin, heavy metal contamination, weight uniformity, and alcohol content determination in marigold flower simplicia to establish additional quality standards across different parameters.

THE THE EFFECT OF GREEN MENIRAN EXTRACT ON AVIAN INFLUENZA ANTIBODY TITER IN BROILERS TWO WEEKS BEFORE VACCINATION

Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral disease that poses a serious threat to poultry farming, particularly in broiler production. The rapid and massive spread of AI in poultry flocks can cause substantial economic losses for farmers. Vaccination is one of the primary strategies for AI prevention; however, the currently available AI vaccines are killed/inactivated types, which tend to induce antibody titers slowly. This limitation, coupled with the relatively short rearing period of broilers, reduces vaccine effectiveness in broiler chickens. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of green meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) extract on enhancing antibody titers in broilers when administered for two weeks prior to AI vaccination. A total of 30 broiler chickens aged from day 1 to 32 days were used as experimental subjects. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three groups: negative control (K−), positive control (K+), and treatment group (P). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Regression Analysis via SPSS software. The results demonstrated a comparative increase in average antibody titers in the treatment group receiving Phyllanthus niruri extract compared to the control groups. It was concluded that supplementation with Phyllanthus niruri extract effectively enhanced antibody titers in broilers vaccinated with the inactivated AI La Sota vaccine, with peak antibody responses observed 1–2 weeks post-vaccination. The administration of green Phyllanthus niruri extract has been proven to stimulate antibody titers in broilers by accelerating the development of protective antibody levels against the AI virus. The timing of sample collection was shown to significantly affect antibody titers, with the highest levels observed during the first to second week post-vaccination. Future research on the administration of Phyllanthus niruri extract to improve antibody titers against Avian Influenza (AI) in broilers is expected to extend the duration of supplementation until the harvesting period and to include higher dosage variations in order to achieve more optimal and protective results.

ACUTE DERMAL IRRITATION TEST OF SIMPLISIA BUNGA GUMITIR OINTMENT ON ALBINO RABBIT

Wayan Sangi Vani, I Made Merdana, I Wayan Gorda — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) are widely cultivated for ornamental purposes and also as a natural food coloring. Gumitir flowers contain antioxidants, secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, and carotenoids. This study aims to determine the results of the acute dermal irritation test of the simplicia flower gumitir ointment on albino rabbits, referring to The OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals - No. Test: 404, Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion (OECD) 2015. The test animals, consisting of three albino rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), were treated with the simplicia flower gumitir ointment, with a placebo (negative control) as a comparison, using the patch test technique and evaluation based on the Amanded Draize test. The research results show that the application of gumitir flower simplicia ointment does not cause erythema and edema, both in the treatment and control groups, with a Mean Irritation Index of 0.16. Observation of reversibility effects showed the growth of fine and normal hair around the test area. It can be concluded that the gumitir flower simplicia ointment is non-irritating and therefore safe to use. It is recommended to conduct further tests as an effort to improve the salve made from gumitir flower simplicia, including salve formulation, stability testing, safety testing, and a review of previous test data.

IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS ISOLATES FROM PORCINE TONSILS BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COAGULASE TEST

Muhammad Agie Ramadhan, I Wayan Suardana, I Nyoman Suarsana — Sun, 08 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) are valuable livestock animals in the farming industry, known for their high economic productivity as a meat source. However, pigs are susceptible to microbial infections, especially during early growth stages. One of the primary components of the pig's immune system is the tonsils, which serve as the first barrier against pathogenic microorganisms entering through the mouth and respiratory tract. In young pigs, the tonsils frequently become colonization sites for Staphylococcus sp., a group of Gram-positive, grape- like coccus-shaped bacteria found in various body tissues. S. aureus, a specific species of Staphylococcus, is known to be coagulase-positive with high pathogenic potential, while S. epidermidis, which is coagulase-negative, is generally considered a commensal species. The coagulase test is a critical laboratory method for distinguishing these species based on their ability to produce the coagulase enzyme, which clots blood plasma. This study aims to identify Staphylococcus isolates in the tonsils of young pigs and assess their pathogenic potential using the coagulase test. A total of 40 presumptive Staphylococcus sp. isolates were obtained and tested. The results showed that 14 isolates (35.8%) were coagulase-positive and identified as S. aureus, which poses a potential risk of serious infections in animals. Meanwhile, 26 isolates (64.2%) were coagulase-negative and identified as S. epidermidis, which is typically non- pathogenic. This study highlights the importance of the coagulase test in identifying Staphylococcus species and assessing infection risks, which is beneficial for improving pig health and productivity in farming environments.

HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF GRANULOCYTE WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELET DISTRIBUTION WIDTH VALUES IN DOGS WITH DERMATITIS

Sun, 08 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dermatitis in dogs is an inflammation of the skin caused by parasites, bacteria, fungi and metabolic disorders, with severity varying from mild to severe. This condition triggers inflammation that affects granulocyte leukocytes, namely neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, which can undergo necrosis. Necrosis is characterized by changes in nuclear morphology, such as pycnosis, karyorexis, and karyolysis due to irreversible cell injury. In addition, Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) values reflect variations in platelet size and are often associated with inflammatory activity. This study analyzed the histological features and differences in necrotizing leukocyte counts and PDW values in dogs with mild and severe dermatitis. The results showed that necrotizing neutrophils in mild dermatitis (4.9 ± 5.2) were lower than those in severe dermatitis (5.4 ± 3.3), but the results of the independent t-test showed that the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The opposite situation in eosinophils and basophils, where eosinophils that experienced necrosis in mild dermatitis (2.5 ± 11) were higher than those in severe dermatitis (0 ± 0), while basophils that experienced necrosis were higher in mild dermatitis (9.6 ± 17) than in severe dermatitis (0 ± 0), but the results of the independent t-test showed that the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The PDW value in mild dermatitis (15 ± 2.4) was greater than that in severe dermatitis (14.5 ± 2), but not significantly different (P > 0.05), it can be concluded that the severity of dermatitis does not affect platelet size. Further research needs to be done on health status by looking at other indicators such as the presence of lymphocytes and monocytes in dogs with mild derrmatitis and severe dermatitis.

SALMONELLOSIS CASE IN BROILER CHICKENS AT A CLOSED-HOUSE FARM IN DARMASABA VILLAGE, ABIANSEMAL, BADUNG, BALI

Sun, 08 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella sp. is a septicemic bacterial disease that commonly occurs in chickens. A 14-day-old broiler chicken from a closed house in Darmasaba Village, Abiansemal Subdistrict, Badung Regency, Bali was found to show general signs and clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis, decreased appetite, feather loss and dullness, stunted growth and greenish-white feces. To confirm the definitive diagnosis, laboratory examination is necessary. In this case study anatomical pathology, hispathological preparations, and bacterial identification were used. The examination results showed Enchepalitis, Pneumonia hemorrhagic, Myocarditis fibrinous, Hepatitis hemorrhagic, Glomerulonephritis hemorrhagic, Proventriculitis necrotican, and Enteritis hemorrhagic. Bacteriology test examination found Salmonella Typhimurium from the heart, lungs, and liver. The case animal was concluded to have Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria. Salmonellosis control can be done by improving biosecurity and cage sanitation, conducting chicken health management, controlling animal and human traffic, and using antibiotics wisely in accordance with veterinary recommendations to minimize the transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria through feed, water, and the environment.

ASSESSING ANTIBIOTIC SALES AMONG ANIMAL FEED TRADERS IN RURAL BALI: INSIGHTS FROM BANGLI AND TEMBUKU SUBDISTRICTS

Ni Komang Dyah Purnamasari, Kadek Karang Agustina, I Made Sukada — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, partly due to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics for treatment and disease prevention. The easy accessibility of antibiotic distribution has led livestock feed traders to sell antibiotics without veterinary prescriptions. This study aimed to identify the percentage of feed traders selling antibiotics, the types available, and the proportion of licensed traders in Bangli and Tembuku Districts, Bali. Using a questionnaire-based interview method with descriptive analysis and Chi-Square testing, the findings revealed that 9.5% (10/106) of traders sold antibiotics, while only 0.94% (1/106) possessed a valid veterinary drug license and required prescriptions. The antibiotics sold included Amoxicillin, Enrofloxacin, Lincomycin HCl, Oxytetracycline HCl, Spectinomycin HCl, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline Calcium, Erythromycin, Tetracycline HCl, and Tylosin Tartrate. The results indicate uncontrolled antibiotic circulation in both locations, underscoring the need for stricter regulatory oversight and trader education on licensing requirements and the risks of antibiotic misuse.

EFFECT OF GIVING A NATURAL GUARD IN DRINKING WATER GIVEN DAILY ON AVIAN INFLUENZA ANTIBODY TITER OF LAYING HENS

Deysi Arviani Dewi Arnaya, Anak Agung Gde Jayawardhita, Tri Komala Sari — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Laying hens are a type of livestock that is widely cultivated in almost all regions in Indonesia. However, laying hens are also susceptible to many diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. Avian Influenza (AI) virus is one example of a virus that can harm farmers because it can cause high mortality rates. The presence of disease cases caused by viruses can be prevented by increasing the antibody titer in laying hens. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Natural Guard in drinking water on increasing AI antibody titer in laying hens. This study was experimental in nature using 24 samples. Laying hens were divided into four groups: P0 (control, no treatment), P1 (0.1 ml/L), P2 (0.2 ml/L), and P3 (0.3 ml/L) of Natural Guard given daily for 30 days. Antibody titers were measured using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results of the analysis showed that the highest average antibody titer was found in the P1 group, but the ANOVA test showed no significant difference between treatment groups (p>0.05). Thus, the administration of Natural Guard had no significant effect on increasing AI antibody titer in laying hens. Future research is recommended to use a higher dose and appropriate sampling time during the peak of antibody formation.

DERMATOGLYPHIC PATTERNS OF LONG-TAILED MONKEY POPULATION AT BUKIT GUMANG TEMPLE, KARANGASEM, BALI

Ni Putu Premasuari Putri Maha Devi, I Gede Soma, I Nengah Wandia — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed monkey) is one of the primates that is widely distributed. The population of long-tailed monkeys on the island of Bali can be found at 43 points, one of which is in Pura Bukit Gumang, Pekraman Bugbug, Karangasem district. Different populations can have different variations of dermatoglyphic patterns, therefore this study was conducted to determine the dermatoglyphic pattern and the highest frequency of the type of fingerprint pattern of long-tailed monkeys in Pura Bukit Gumang Karangasem Bali. The study used 13 samples of dermatoglyphics of the hands and feet of long-tailed monkeys in Pura Bukit Gumang Karangasem Bali. Dermatoglyphic impressions were taken using transparent adhesive plastic that had been given graphite powder on the palms and feet of long-tailed monkeys. The results of the study found 4 basic dermatoglyphic patterns, namely open field (47%), whorl (31%), loop (20%) and arch (2%). The highest frequency of dermatoglyphic patterns of the palms of long-tailed monkeys was whorl 37.9% and the highest frequency of dermatoglyphic patterns of the soles of the feet was open field (57.3%). Open field is the highest frequency of all palm and foot pattern areas with a percentage of 47%. The research that has been done is still limited by the number of samples. To improve the accuracy of dermatoglyphic patterns in monkey populations, it is recommended to use more representative samples for the population.

TREATMENT OF OPEN PYOMETRA IN MINI POMMERANIAN DOG IN VETERINARY HOSPITAL HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pyometra is a pathological condition in the female reproductive organs caused by a bacterial infection that leads to the accumulation of pus within the uterus. The aim of this article is to understand the diagnosis and management of pyometra in dogs. The diagnostic methods used include: anamnesis, physical examination, clinical examination, laboratory tests such as routine hematology and blood smear, as well as supporting examination through ultrasound. Examination Results:Anamnesis: A female Miniature Pomeranian dog, 8 years old, weighing 4.5 kg. The physical examination revealed lethargy, anorexia, and a reddish-brown vaginal discharge. Hematology results showed an increase in WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes, while RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, PCT, and PLT were decreased. Ultrasound findings: Enlarged uterus with a diameter of 5.7 cm due to the accumulation of fluid with hypoechoic-anechoic echogenicity (pus). The uterine wall was thickened with hyperechoic-hypoechoic echogenicity, leading to a diagnosis of open pyometra. Management involved an ovariohysterectomy procedure. During hospitalization, the following medications were administered: Azithromycin, Meloxicam, Furosemide, Sangobion, Mecobalamin, Curcuma Plus, Imboost, and Gold-G. A special diet of Royal Canin Recovery food was also provided. On the fifth day, the dog underwent reoperation due to wet surgical sutures and the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal area. After 10 days of treatment, the surgical site had dried, and the dog showed significant recovery, allowing it to be discharged for outpatient care.

SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM IN BROILER FARMS OF TABANAN REGENCY USING ELISA

Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the primary causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), poses significant economic losses to the poultry industry through respiratory distress, decreased productivity, and elevated mortality in broilers. This study evaluated Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody titters in broiler farms across Tabanan Regency, Bali, using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Fifty serum samples were collected from five clinically healthy broiler farms (no observed respiratory signs) and analyzed with the IDEXX MG/MS Antibody Test ELISA kit. All unvaccinated broilers exhibited low detectable antibody titters, classified as non-reactive (<843). These results contrast with prior reports of high M. gallisepticum prevalence in Bali based on pathological findings. Potential explanations for this discrepancy include variations in chicken age, farm management, biosecurity protocols, sampling timing, and diagnostic methodologies. Our findings provide updated epidemiological data on Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Tabanan and highlight the necessity of regular serological surveillance to guide disease prevention strategies.

PATHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUSPECTED CANINE DISTEMPER IN A POMERANIAN-MIXED LOCAL DOG

Yudha Yaksa Crada Yoga Arum Raharjo, I Ketut Berata — Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A 2-month-old male dog with suspected canine distemper virus (CDV) infection was necropsied on 27 February 2025. The dog exhibited clinical signs including anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dyspnea, and ocular/nasal exudate. Gross and histopathological examinations were performed. Tissue samples from the brain, heart, trachea, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, and urinary bladder were collected during necropsy and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). Histopathological sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Gross pathological findings included cerebral sulcal congestion, tracheal pallor, pulmonary necrosis, blunted cardiac apex, mild hepatic hemorrhage, splenomegaly, indistinct corticomedullary junction in the kidneys, urinary bladder hemorrhage, and intestinal hemorrhage. Microscopically, lesions included encephalitis, ulcerative necrotizing tracheitis, interstitial pneumonia, hemorrhagic myocarditis, hemorrhagic hepatitis, necrotizing glomerulonephritis, necrotizing cystitis, hemorrhagic and necrotizing enteritis, and splenic lymphoid depletion. Based on the case history, clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathological findings, the dog was definitively diagnosed with canine distemper.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND CMT-BASED DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN BALI’S SOW PIGS

Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa, I Wayan Suardana, I Made Sukada, Kadek Karang Agustina — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Subclinical mastitis in sows (Sus scrofa) poses significant risks to pig health and breeding efficiency, particularly in Gianyar Regency, Bali. Early detection using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), followed by microbiological confirmation, is critical for effective management. This study aimed to evaluate subclinical mastitis in lactating sows using CMT and identify causative pathogens through laboratory tests. Milk samples from 30 lactating sows were analyzed. CMT-positive samples were cultured on selective media: Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) for Staphylococcus aureus, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) for Salmonella, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) for Escherichia coli. CMT detected subclinical mastitis in 21 sows (70%). Microbiological tests identified S. aureus (7 samples), Salmonella (2 samples), and E. coli (12 samples). CMT is an effective field tool for early mastitis detection. The high prevalence of pathogens, particularly E. coli, underscores the need for improved hygiene and targeted therapies in pig breeding environments.

DETECTION OF SPIRORCHIID OVA IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM GREEN SEA TURTLES BY REALTIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Ida Ayu Dian Kusuma Dewi — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Parasite infection has become one of many important pathological conditions contributing to high morbidity and chronic debilitating disease in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Of many identified parasites in green turtles, spirorchiid flukes are one of the most frequent groups identified from stranding cases worldwide with relatively high morbidity ranging from 75%-98%. This study aimed to perform molecular assays on blood samples using filtered blood to concentrate the parasite DNA contained in the circulating ova. A total of nine blood samples were collected during the study; one from a captive green turtle with suspect positive spirorchiidiosis, and eight from wild turtles caught around the Moreton Bay area. The blood filtration resulted in a remarkably low DNA quantity and poor quality which later lead to a lack of positives on PCR assay. The DNA yield from unfiltered blood samples (68.2–374.3 ng/µL; mean = 16.7 ± 110.0 ng/µL) was significantly higher than that from filtered samples (0.95–7.92 ng/µL; mean = 8.02 ± 8.00 ng/µL). Additionally, DNA purity based on the 260/280 ratio was more consistent in unfiltered samples (1.64–2.13; mean = 1.94 ± 0.13), while filtered samples showed highly variable and unreliable purity values (-7.04 to 84.67; mean = 9.19 ± 28.5). The low quality and quantity of DNA may be caused by the parasite’s life stage, which affects the level of infection and parasite load in the host, as well as DNA denaturation during the extraction process using the bead-beating method. Future research should focus on optimizing DNA extraction methods, particularly the duration of bead-beating and the use of effective buffers like sorbitol or SDS. Additionally, regular administration of anthelmintic treatment is recommended in clinical settings to help control Spirorchiid infections in green turtles.

THE EFFECT OF SEA GRAPES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGE OF THE BRAIN OF WHITE RATS GIVEN PARACETAMOL

Arvantsa Raihan Rahman Putra, Samsuri, Ida Ayu Pasti Apsari, I Made Merdana — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Paracetamol is a commonly consumed analgesic and antipyretic drug, but has the potential to cause brain toxicity if consumed excessively. Sea grapes are known to contain many bioactive compounds such as phenolics, polyphenols, flavonoids, caulerpin and chlorophyll which have the potential to protect the brain from paracetamol toxicity. This study aims to determine the effect of administering sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) and the difference in dosage on the histopathology of the brain of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) given paracetamol. This study used 25 male white rats consisting of five treatments, namely treatment group P0 (negative control), P1 (paracetamol 250 mg/kg body weight (BW)), P2 (paracetamol 250 mg/kgBW with sea grapes 10 g/kgBW), P3 (paracetamol 250 mg/kgBW with sea grapes 15 g/kgBW) and P4 (paracetamol 250 mg/kgBW with sea grapes 20 g/kgBW). The treatment was given for fourteen days, and on the fifteenth day a necropsy was performed to take the brain organ to make a histopathology preparation with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The variables examined were congestion, edema and necrosis. Histopathological analysis revealed significant reductions in congestion and edema (P < 0.05) in sea grapes-treated groups (P2–P4), with the most pronounced effect at 20 g/kgBW. No necrosis was observed across all groups, which may be due to the dose of paracetamol or the duration of paracetamol administration being insufficient to cause necrosis. The results of this study indicate that sea grapes have the potential as a neuroprotective agent that protects the brain from oxidative damage due to high-dose drug consumption. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect of sea grapes on the brain of white rats given paracetamol, using higher doses of paracetamol and sea grapes, or with a longer research period.