BIOAKTIVITAS DAN IDENTIFIKASI MOLEKULER JAMUR ENDOFIT YANG DIISOLASI DARI SPONS DI PANTAI AMED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24843/JCHEM.2026.v20.i01.p19Abstract
Endophytic fungi from marine sponges have the potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aims to identify and evaluate the biological activity of endophytic fungi isolated from marine sponges at Amed Beach, Bali. After isolation, the isolates were molecularly identified and fermented on rice media with and without salt. Following fermentation, ethyl acetate was used to extract secondary metabolites, while methanol:water and n-hexane were used for liquid-liquid extraction. The disc diffusion method, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) were used to assess the phytochemical composition of the methanol extract as well as its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and toxic properties. In this study, two fungal isolates were obtained. Molecular identification results from the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region showed that these isolates were most closely related to Talaromyces pinophilus and Talaromyces purpureogenus. Phytochemical screening showed that all fungal extracts contained alkaloids and polyphenols. Salt-based T. pinophilus extracts inhibited Streptococcus mutans, while salt-free extracts inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis. Salt-based T. purpureogenus extracts only inhibited S. epidermidis, salt-free extracts inhibited S. mutans and S. epidermidis. The highest antioxidant activity and toxicity were shown by T. purpureogenus extracts in salt-containing media. This study shows that endophytic fungi from marine sponges are potential sources of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and toxic activities for natural medicine development.
Keywords: antimicrobials, antioxidants, toxicity, bioactive compounds, marine fungi
Abstrak
Jamur endofit adalah mikroorganisme yang berpotensi menghasilkan metabolit sekunder bioaktif dan dapat ditemukan pada spons laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi aktivitas biologis jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari spons laut Pantai Amed, Bali. Setelah diisolasi, isolat diidentifikasi molekuler dan difermentasi pada media beras dengan dan tanpa garam. Pada akhir fermentasi, metabolit sekunder diekstraksi dengan etil asetat, kemudian diekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan metanol:air dan n-heksana. Ekstrak metanol dianalisis kandungan fitokimianya serta diuji aktivitas antimikroba, antioksidan, dan toksisitasnya dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram, 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH), dan Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Pada penelitian ini diperoleh dua isolat jamur. Hasil identifikasi molekuler dari daerah Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) menunjukkan isolat tersebut memiliki hubungan terdekat dengan Talaromyces pinophilus dan Talaromyces purpureogenus. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak jamur mengandung alkaloid dan polifenol. Ekstrak T. pinophilus bermedia garam mampu menghambat Streptococcus mutans sedangkan media tanpa garam menghambat Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ekstrak T. purpureogenus bermedia garam hanya memberikan hambatan terhadap S. epidermidis sedangkan media tanpa garam menghambat S. mutans dan S. epidermidis. Aktivitas antioksidan dan toksisitas tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak T. purpureogenus dengan media garam. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jamur endofit dari spons laut berpotensi sebagai sumber metabolit bioaktif dengan aktivitas antioksidan dan toksisitas untuk pengembangan obat alami.
Kata kunci: antimikroba, antioksidan, toksisitas, senyawa bioaktif, jamur laut
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