REFORMULASI HUKUM KESELAMATAN KERJA KONTEMPORER: PERLINDUNGAN RISIKO PSIKOSOSIAL BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF HAK ATAS KESEHATAN

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi pembaruan Pasal 2 dan Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja berdasarkan perspektif hak atas kesehatan serta merumuskan rekomendasi pengaturan yang mampu memberikan perlindungan terhadap risiko kerja kontemporer, khususnya bahaya psikososial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Bahan hukum dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui studi kepustakaan dengan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan nasional, instrumen hukum internasional, doktrin hukum, serta perkembangan pengaturan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di beberapa negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 2 dan Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1970 masih berorientasi pada keselamatan fisik dan tempat kerja dalam pengertian konvensional, sehingga belum memadai dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap bahaya psikososial serta bentuk kerja jarak jauh dan berbasis platform digital. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan ketidaksesuaian dengan perkembangan konsep hak atas kesehatan, khususnya jaminan kesehatan fisik dan mental, serta kewajiban Indonesia berdasarkan instrumen hukum internasional. Penelitian merekomendasikan reformulasi kedua pasal dengan memperluas cakupan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja terhadap seluruh bentuk hubungan kerja dan seluruh kategori bahaya kerja, menegaskan kewajiban preventif pengusaha dalam pengelolaan risiko psikososial, serta memperkuat mekanisme pengawasan, penegakan, pemulihan, dan jaminan sosial pekerja.

This study aims to analyze the urgency of reformulating Article 2 and Article 13 of Law Number 1 of 1970 concerning Occupational Safety from the perspective of the right to health and to formulate regulatory recommendations capable of protecting workers against contemporary occupational risks, particularly psychosocial hazards. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were analyzed qualitatively through library research by examining national legislation, international legal instruments, legal doctrines, and developments in occupational safety and health regulations in several countries. The findings demonstrate that Articles 2 and 13 of Law Number 1 of 1970 remain predominantly oriented toward physical safety and conventional workplaces, and therefore provide inadequate protection against psychosocial hazards and emerging forms of work, including remote work and platform-based work. This condition creates inconsistencies with the contemporary concept of the right to health, particularly the protection of both physical and mental health, as well as Indonesia's obligations under relevant international legal instruments. The study recommends reformulating both provisions by expanding the scope of occupational safety and health to cover all forms of employment relationships and categories of occupational hazards, establishing employers' preventive obligations to manage psychosocial risks, and strengthening mechanisms for supervision, enforcement, remediation, and workers' social protection.