AKTA PEMBERIAN HAK TANGGUNGAN DIBATALKAN OLEH PUTUSAN PENGADILAN AKIBAT KELALAIAN YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH LEMBAGA KEUANGAN NON-BANK

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis akibat hukum pembatalan Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (APHT) terhadap hubungan hukum antara kreditur, debitur, dan pihak ketiga, serta merumuskan upaya mitigasi risiko yang dapat dilakukan lembaga pembiayaan non-bank guna mencegah terulangnya kasus serupa. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kajian peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, serta analisis terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat Nomor 143/Pdt.G/2021/PN Jkt.Pst sebagai data primer, dilengkapi dengan literatur dan penelitian terdahulu sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatalan APHT menimbulkan implikasi serius: kreditur kehilangan hak preferen dan turun menjadi kreditur konkuren, debitur tetap wajib melunasi utang namun terlindungi dari eksekusi atas jaminan tidak sah, sementara pihak ketiga memperoleh perlindungan hukum atas hak kepemilikan. Selain itu, temuan penelitian menegaskan bahwa kelalaian verifikasi hukum dan penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian menjadi penyebab utama pembatalan APHT. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan langkah mitigasi berupa verifikasi yuridis, penerapan prinsip 5C, keterlibatan profesional PPAT, transparansi informasi, serta audit internal agar lembaga pembiayaan non-bank mampu menjaga kepastian hukum, melindungi kepentingan para pihak, dan mencegah sengketa di masa depan.

This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of the cancellation of a Deed of Mortgage (APHT) on the legal relationship between creditors, debtors, and third parties, and to formulate risk mitigation measures that non-bank financing institutions can implement to prevent the recurrence of similar cases. The study uses a normative juridical legal method with a qualitative approach through a review of legislation, legal doctrine, and an analysis of the Central Jakarta District Court Decision Number 143/Pdt.G/2021/PN Jkt.Pst as primary data, supplemented by literature and previous research as secondary data. The results of the study indicate that the cancellation of an APHT has serious implications: the creditor loses preferential rights and is reduced to a concurrent creditor, the debtor remains obligated to repay the debt but is protected from execution of invalid collateral, while third parties gain legal protection over ownership rights. Furthermore, the research findings confirm that negligence in legal verification and the application of the principle of prudence are the main causes of APHT cancellation. Therefore, mitigation steps are needed in the form of legal verification, application of the 5C principle, involvement of professional PPAT, information transparency, and internal audits so that non-bank financing institutions are able to maintain legal certainty, protect the interests of the parties, and prevent future disputes.